Absolute liability

The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 gives the authorities, under some circumstances, to clean up pollution and charge the work to the polluter or in many cases to the owner or occupier of the site. Although not being a liability act, this could be described, in a wide sense, as an absolute liability of a land own . 

C. O. Gregory (1951) Trespass to Negligence to Absolute Liability, Virginia Law... 

A manufacturer or seller of a product is not liable for aU injuries that may result from a product. That would be absolute liability. However, in most states, three theories... 

There are risks in any product. A manufacturer or seller of a product must face those risks in putting a product on the market. A manufacrnrer or seller cannot prevent a user from filing a lawsuit after injury from a product. However, liability does not mean absolute liability. 

Economic, liability, public image, and opinion considerations are involved. Catastrophic hazards are less acceptable than smaller ones even if the absolute risk is identical. Voluntary risks are a way of life for most people, but there is minimal tolerance for involuntary risks, particularly if they are unknown or not understood. 

For each drug, the prevalence of abuse was partly attributable to its absolute availability — for example, the over-the-counter status of dextromethorphan (DXM) or the expansion of fentanyl and butorphanol from inpatient to outpatient use. But the pattern of abuse for each drug was distinctive and probably could not have been predicted from the available experimental abuse-liability data. 

Many substances of widely different chemical structure abolish the excitability of nerve fibers on local application in concentrations that do not cause permanent injury and that may not affect other tissues. Sensory nerve fibers are most susceptible, so that these agents produce a selective sensory paralysis, which is utilized especially to suppress the pain of surgical operation. This property was first discovered in cocaine, but because of its toxicity and addiction liability, it has been largely displaced by synthetic chemicals. The oldest of these, procaine (novocaine), is still the most widely used. Its relatively low toxicity renders it especially useful for injections, but it is not readily absorbed from intact mucous membranes and is therefore not very effective for them. Many of its chemical derivatives are also used. They differ in penetration, toxicity, irritation, and local injury as well as in duration of action and potency. Absolute potency is not so important for practical use as is its balance with the other qualities. If cocaine is absorbed in sufficient quantity, it produces complex systemic actions, involving stimulation and paralysis of various parts of the CNS. These are mainly of toxicological and scientific interest. Its continued use leads to the formation of a habit, resembling morphinism. This is not the case with the other local anesthetics. 

An absolute price floor in the EU ETS could be established if a government institution agreed to purchase an unlimited number of permits at a fixed price. If sellers are guaranteed this floor price by selling to the government, the market price will not fall below the floor. Treasuries, however, are typically reluctant to sign up to such financial liabilities. 

The information contained in the Material Data Sheets has been compiled from data considered accurate. However, properties are known to vary depending on the source of raw materials, climatic and other variables applicable to materials of botanical origin. [Company Name] expressly disclaim any warranty expressed or implied as well as any liability for any injury or loss arising from the use of this information or the materials described. This data is not to be construed as absolutely complete since additional data may be desirable when particular conditions or circumstances exist. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the best precautions necessary for the safe handling and use of this product for their particular application. This data relates only to the specific material designated and not when used in combination with any other material. 

When Dow acquired Union Carbide s shares in February of 2001, it stated that the company conducted an exhaustive assessment to ensure that there was absolutely no outstanding liability in relation to Bhopal. There was none the company that Dow acquired retained absolutely no responsibility for either the tragedy or for the Bhopal site. 44... 

The pharmacological action is foimd to be lying almost midway between those of codeine and morphine. It has been observed that while on one hand it possesses more addition liability than codeine , and on the other it displays absolutely very little evidence of its dependence or addiction with long-term administration. 

It is, however, pertinent to mention here that in the reeent years, a good nttmber of newer drug substanees have been synthesized metieulously which remarkably exhibited significant antitussive characteristic feature absolutely devoid of the absurd and most diseouraging addiction liabilities of the aforesaid narcotic drugs. Surprisingly, quite a few of these agents usually exert their activity very mueh identical fashion via a central effeet. 

Venables and Christie (1980) give a detailed suggestion on the analysis of EDR conductance waves based on the calculation of amplitude, latency, rise time, and reeovery time. They also give extensive statistical data for these parameters in different age groups. As already mentioned several times in this book, the use of absolute values for the electrical properties of tissue is hazardous because of their liability to measurement error... 

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