A Systems of nomenclature

In many cases, the abbreviations Rp and Arp are used to represent perfluoroalkyl and peifluoroaryl groups respectively. 

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A system of nomenclature has been devised to describe optical isomers conveniently. These isomers differ in configuration and we have to be able to specify the configuration at the asymmetric atom unambiguously. 

CBP Cromolyn-binding protein CCK Cholecystokinin CCR Creatinine clearance rate CD Cluster of differentiation (a system of nomenclature for sur ce molecules on cells of the immune system) cluster determinant CDl Cluster of differentiation 1 also known as MHC class I-like surfitce glycoprotein... 

See Shoppee, "Christopher Kelk Ingold," 351 and Seddon, "The Development of Electronic Theory," 32. Ingold s note (603620) was added to R. M. Beesley and J. F. Thorpe, "The Formation and Stability of Associated Alicyclic Systems. Pt. I. A System of Nomenclature, and Some Derivatives of Methane-II-Cyclopropane and of Methane-III-Cyclopropane," JCS 117 (1920) 591620 also see C. K. Ingold, R. M. 

Since the first reaction undoubtedly proceeds with inversion of configuration at sulfur, and since additional experiments demonstrated that the formation of chlorosulfurane 177 from sulfoxide 180 takes place with retention at sulfur, (5>chirality was assigned to (+>177. As for the designation of absolute configuration, Martin and Balthazor (195) proposed a system of nomenclature for optically active pentacoordinate species. 

The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) developed a system of nomenclature in which enzymes are divided into six major classes (Figure 5.1), each with numerous subgroups. The suffix -ase is attached to a fairly complete description of the chemical reaction catalyzed, for example D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate NAD oxidoreductase. The IUBMB names are unambiguous and informative, but are sometimes too cumbersome to be of general use. 

The CYPs, the carbon monoxide-binding pigments of microsomes, are heme proteins of the b cytochrome type. Originally described as a single protein, there are now known to be more than 2000 CYPs widely distributed throughout animals, plants, and microorganisms. A system of nomenclature utilizing the prefix CYP has been devised... 

Water motifs have been classified systematically using a system of nomenclature somewhat analogous to graph set analysis (Section 8.3.1).43 in this scheme water structures are discussed in terms of particular classes, listed below. 

A system of nomenclature modeled on spherical coordinates. This extension is useful for molecules in which two or more congruent rings emanate from a single atom ... 

Isobutane, isopentane, and neopentane are common names or trivial names, meaning historical names arising from common usage. Common names cannot easily describe the larger, more complicated molecules having many isomers, however. The number of isomers for any molecular formula grows rapidly as the number of carbon atoms increases. For example, there are 5 structural isomers of hexane, 18 isomers of octane, and 75 isomers of decane We need a system of nomenclature that enables us to name complicated molecules without having to memorize hundreds of these historical common names. 

A system of nomenclature for individual pentahydroxycyclohexanones, employing prefixes to denote the generic relationships with the inositols, was suggested by Posternak, ref. 26a, and is employed here. 

T he major purpose of this paper is to trace the development of nomen-clature practices in the broad area of coordination compounds from the near chaos before the enunciation of the coordination theory by Alfred Werner to the present day. A secondary purpose of this paper is to give an insight into the manner in which nomenclature principles develop and become standard practice. It will be shown how, once a sound basis for a system of nomenclature was enunciated, it has been possible to modify and extend practices to cover a rapidly expanding field of knowledge. 

To devise a system of nomenclature that could be used for even the most complicated compounds, various committees and commissions representing the chemists of the world have met periodically since 1892. In its present modification, the system so devised is known as the lUPAC system (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). Since this system follows much the same pattern for all families of organic compounds, we shall consider it in some detail as applied to the alkanes. 

The present aspect of chemistry is such that a system of nomenclature that shall be at once comprehensive and permanent is practically unattainable. 

Along with the theory of coordination, Werner proposed5 a system of nomenclature for coordination entities which not only reproduced their compositions but also indicated many of their structures. Werner s system was completely additive in that the names of the ligands were cited, followed by the name of the central atom (modified by the ending ate if the complex was an anion). Wemer also used structural descriptors and locants. The additive nomenclature system was capable of expansion and adaptation to new compounds and even to other fields of chemistry. 

A few main subclasses can accommodate most alkaloids, and a system of nomenclature based on names defined in the literature can avoid the confusing use of very similar trivial names that plague the literature on taxoids. Thus, taxine B is a taxane alkaloid [24], whereas taxin B is a non-nitrogenous 2(3->20)abeotaxane [33]. 

In 1967, a system of nomenclature to describe the interaction of peptidases and their substrates was introduced by Schechter and Berger12551. According to this system the binding site for a peptide substrate in the active site of a peptidase is envisioned as a series of subsites S which interact with the amino acid building blocks P of the peptide or protein substrate (see Fig. 12.5-3). The amino acid residues of the substrate are denoted by P and P, respectively, which interact with the corresponding S and S subsites within the active site of the peptidase. The sites are... 

Further structural studies on the hepatic basic GST established the subunit composition of these enzymes (S35). This paved the way for a system of nomenclature based upon the quaternary structure of the proteins, to be adopted for the human alpha-class GST. This system describes three enzymes formed by the combination of two distinct subunits called B, and B2 (H22, S35, S37). The homodimeric enzyme GST BjB, represents GST e, and the heterodimer BiBj is equivalent to GST 6. However, the relationship of BjBj to the enzymes described by Kamisaka et al. (Kl) is less clear this homodimeric enzyme is probably equivalent to GST a, p, and 7, three forms that may have arisen following the autoxidation of single gene product (H22). 

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