A Rotating Universe

A positive direction of time can be introduced in the whole system  

The direction of the time flow is not uniquely defined for each space-time point  

Every world line of matter is infinitely long and never returns to the same point but there also exist closed time-like lines  

Matter everywhere rotates relative to the compass of inertia 

The cross term in the time interval of (7.4) is reminiscent of the metric of cylindrical space, rotating with constant angular frequency and can be shown (Adler et al. 1965) to be equivalent to that. 

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Stroh C.G., MacKenzie J.R., Rebstock, and Jordan, Options for Low Speed and Operating Speed Balancing of Rotating Equipment, Proceedings of the 25th Turbomachinery Symposium, Texas A M University, p. 253, 1996. 

Figure 3.7 Simulated spectrum of CO with a rotational temperature of 40 K. Reproduced by with permission of Albert Nummelin, Chalmers University of Technology...

LlM, S. T. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer processes associated with the absorption of oxygen in liquid films flowing across a rotating disc, Ph. D. thesis, (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., 1980). 

The spherical pendulum, which consists of a mass attached by a massless rigid rod to a frictionless universal joint, exhibits complicated motion combining vertical oscillations similar to those of the simple pendulum, whose motion is constrained to a vertical plane, with rotation in a horizontal plane. Chaos in this system was first observed over 100 years ago by Webster [2] and the details of the motion discussed at length by Whittaker [3] and Pars [4]. All aspects of its possible motion are covered by the case, when the mass is projected with a horizontal speed V in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the vertical plane containing the initial position of the pendulum when it makes some acute angle with the downward vertical direction. In many respects, the motion is similar to that of the symmetric top with one point fixed, which has been studied ad nauseum by many of the early heroes of quantum mechanics [5]. 

H.J. Choi, C.A. Kim, and M.S. Jhon, Universal drag reduction characteristics of polyisobutylene in a rotating disk apparatus, Polymer, 40 (16) 4527-4530, July 1999. 

There is a natural draw rate for a rotating disk that depends on the rotation rate. Both the radial velocity and the circumferential velocity vanish outside the viscous boundary layer. The only parameter in the equations is the Prandtl number in the energy equation. Clearly, there is a very large effect of Prandtl number on the temperature profile and heat transfer at the surface. For constant properties, however, the energy-equation solution does not affect the velocity distributions. For problems including chemistry and complex transport, there is still a natural draw rate for a given rotation rate. However, the actual inlet velocity depends on the particular flow circumstances—there is no universal correlation. 

N. Sullivan. Transport Issues in the Impingement of Arrays of Flame Jets on a Rotating Cylinder. PhD thesis, University of Colorado, 1999. 

A number of plastimeters of this type have been used for rubbers, often for research purposes, but one instrument, the Mooney viscometer, gained virtually universal acceptance and has been extensively used for routine quality control purposes for several decades. The principle of the Mooney is shown in Figure 6.4 together with several other possible geometries for a rotational instrument. The rotor turns at a constant rate inside a closed cavity containing the test piece so that a shearing action takes place between the flat surfaces of the rotor and the walls of the chamber. The torque required to rotate the rotor is monitored by a suitable transducer. 

Therefore, the fact that more distant stars are more redshifted (the Hubble effect) does not prove that they are moving away from us, only that they are moving at higher velocities than those stars that are closer by. Such a situation appear quite natural. Stars might move in a random way, but move faster the farther away they are. Perhaps because they are just like water molecules in a turbulent river, or perhaps even simpler, because they rotate in relation to a larger universe. In either case there would be a redshift that increases with distance. Thus, the expansion of the universe and the big bang are not directly proved by a redshift of distant stars. 

Woods WP. The hydrodynamics of thin liquid films flowing over a rotating disc. Ph.D. dissertation, Newcastle University, Newcastle, U.K., 1995. 

Fig. 12.25 The Universal testing platform fitted on a rotational Rheometrics RDA II rheometer host station. The two counterrotating cylinders where the film is mounted cause the application of the extensional strain. [Reprinted by permission from E. G. Muliawan, S. G. Hatzikiriakos, and M. Sentmanat, Melt Fracture of Linear Polyethylene, Int. Polym. Process., 20, 60 (2005).]...

Fig. 7.2. View into a PLD chamber built at University Leipzig with inner diameter of 405 mm, compromising a target manipulator (in front), a 3-in. diameter heater with a rotatable holder for 1 cm2 substrates (in the back). The laser entrance window into the chamber is visible left to the substrate heater. Compare Table 7.2 for technical details of this particular PLD chamber...

Acetylcholineesterase and choline oxidase A rotating graphite-disc electrode was polished, defatted, cleaned and oxidized by immersion in 10% HN03/2.5%, K2Cr207 at 2.2 V versus SCE for 10 s. AChE was covalently immobilized on to the electrode using a standard method. Measurements were made in 0.1 M-universal buffer of pH 7 at 0.8 V versus SCE. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.6-10 pM substrate. RSD were 5% (n = 10). The detection limit was 10 pM acetylthiocholine, electrode response time was 15 s. [89]... 

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