A. indica

The Aristolochias are used in medicine as tonics due to the presence of bitter principles, though Hesse suggested that A. reticulata Nutt, then the serpentary root of commerce, might contain aristolochine, and the view that the bitter constituents are of alkaloidal character has been confirmed by Krishnaswamy, Manjunath and Rao, for A. indica L. 

A. indica L. Indian Aristolochia, also known as Indian birthwort, ishvara (Sanskrit), or adagam (Tamil), is a bitter climber native to India. The medicinal material consists of the rhizome, which is to resolve inflammation (India), counteract insect poison, and as an antipyretic (Philippines and Vietnam). The rhizome contains aristolochic acid, which inhibits in vitro and dose-dependent phospholipid hydrolysis by the human synovial fluid phospholipase A2, snake venom phospholipase A2, porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2, and human platelet phospholipase A2 (2). 

Aristolactam (13) (in some papers, aristololactam) was first prepared by catalytic hydrogenation or zinc reduction in acetic acid from aristolochic acid I (25). It has been isolated from seveizl Aristolochic plants, including A. debilis and A. fangchi (24). Kupchan and Merianos isolated the first aristolactam iV-glucoside (19) from A. indica (37). 

Kupchan and Doskotsch (9) found that an alcoholic extract of A. indica possessed reproducible activity against the adenocarcinoma 755 test system. The active principle, aristolochic acid I, was isolated and characterized. Kamatsh and co-workers (97) reported that growth of mouse sarcoma-37 cells incubated with aristolochic acid at concentration of 100-200 p-g/ml for 3 hr was completely inhibited. Treatment of mice with aristolochic acid (1.25-5 mg/kg ip per day) for 3 days after subcutaneous implantation of sarcoma-37 cells inhibited tumor growth in 40-50%. A dose of 2.5-5 mg/kg ip per day for 5 days remarkably prolonged survival. The cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells in culture was observed at a concentration of 25 p-g/ml. 

Acalypha famesiana Willd. A. indica L. Jin He Huan Indian Ren Xian (Wild copper leaf) (whole plant) Acalyphine.55 Diuretic, treat diarrhea. 

Aesculus chinensis L. A. indica Colebr. A. hippocastanum L. Sha Lou Zi (Horse chestnut) (ripe fruit) Protoescigenine, escigenin, aescine, flavonoid glycosides, aesculine, albumin, fatty oils, amylose, oligosaccharides.33 450 Promote circulation, relieve epigastrium pain, promote digestion. 

Artemisia argyi Leveille Vaniot A. halodendmn Turez. ex Bess. A. igniaria Max. A. indica Willd. A. integrifolia L. A. japonica Thunb. A. keiskeana Miq. A. scoparia Waldst. Kitaib. A. selengensis Turez. ex Bess. Terpinenol-4, (3-caryophyllene, artemisia alcohol, linalool, cineol, camphore, borneol, eucalyptol.33 Antiasthmatic, antitussive. Treat chronic bronchitis, oral infection, and hypersensitivity. 

Chrysanthemum jucundum, C. koraiense, C. morifolium, C. sinense, Cirsium albescens, C. brevicaule, C. littorale, C. maakii, C. segetum, C. setosum, C. vlassovianum Acalypha australis, A. farnesiana, A. indica Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Prunus persica... 

Ageratum conyzoides, A. houstonianum, Artemisia argyi, A. halodendron, A. igniaria, A. indica,... 

C. sinense, Curcuma longa, C. pallida, C. phaeocoulis, Kaempferia galanga Artemisia argyi, A. halodendron, A. igniaria, A. indica, A. integrifolia, A. japonica, A. keiskeana,... 

Quisqualic acid (= (S)-a- Quisqualis chinensis, (A indica mClu-R (Class 1) agonist - Class... 

Aristolochic acid (phenanthrene) Aristolochia clematis, A. debilis, A.indica, A. longa, Asarum canadense (Aristolochiaceae) MLCK, PKA, PKC... 

Another natural product which was Isolated from A. indica and found to have potent ecdysis Inhibitory activity Is deacetyl-azadlrachtlnol (Figure 8) (42). The biological activity of deacetylazadlrachtlnol fed in artificial diet to H. virescens Is shown In Table IV. Although deacetylazadlrachtlnol was about 2.5-fold less active than was azadlrachtln as an Insect growth Inhibitor (EC50 - 0.17 and 0.07 ppm, respectively), the two compounds had the same ecdysis inhibitory activity (EI50 "... 

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