A Comparison of the Data

The numerical values of the diffusion constants are compared at a few selected temperatures for some of the systems showing surface and intergranular diffusion, in the data following  

The data show considerable differences, those in the Na-OW system comparing with data calculated by Langmuir (i, 22) for a surface of caesium metal  

Again the potassium in the K-0W system at low temperatures is much less mobile than in the Na-OW system, as corresponds to the difference in 6 ( 0, and respectively) but the mobility of the potassium passes that of the sodium at 800° K. 

So great is the effect of surface concentration upon mobility, however, that errors in estimating the concentration could cause the observed trends. Monovalent metals are more mobile than bivalent metals and bivalent metals than tetravalent metals. Thus mobility in alkali metal monolayers on tungsten can be observed at 300° K. barium migrates measurably only at 1000° K. and thorium at 1500° K. The trend shown in both in respect to surface concentration and valency, is reflected in corresponding trends in the heats of sorption AH (Table 89). 

The cause of the increase in Z) or decrease in E, as the surface concentration increases, is considered to be a powerful lateral interaction of the dipoles of moment //, formed by each adatom and its electrical image. The lateral repulsion between two such dipole systems whose centres are a distance r apart is given by 

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The micropore volume varied from -0.15 to -0.35 cmVg. No clear trend was observed with respect to the spatial variation. Data for the BET surface area are shown in Fig. 14. The surface area varied from -300 to -900 mVg, again with no clear dependence upon spatial location withm the monolith. The surface area and pore volume varied by a factor -3 withm the monolith, which had a volume of -1900 cm. In contrast, the steam activated monolith exhibited similar imcropore structure variability, but in a sample with less than one fiftieth of the volume. Pore size, pore volume and surface area data are given in Table 2 for four large monoliths activated via Oj chemisorption. The data in Table 2 are mean values from samples cored from each end of the monolith. A comparison of the data m Table 1 and 2 indicates that at bum-offs -10% comparable pore volumes and surface areas are developed for both steam activation and Oj chemisorption activation, although the process time is substantially longer in the latter case. 

The data of ONB in trapezoidal micro-channels of results reported by Lee et al. (2004) and prediction of Eq. (6.10) with various different values of r x- the experimental data points in Fig. 6.5, the saturation temperature is corresponding to the local pressure at each of the ONB locations. The local pressure is estimated by assuming a linear pressure distribution in the channel between the inlet and exit ones. The system pressure may vary from case to case. For Fig. 6.5 an average system pressure of 161.7 kPa over various different cases of this study was employed. As for the wall temperature, it is assumed that the channel wall temperature is uniform as the channel is relatively short and the wall material, silicon, has relatively good thermal conductivity. The figure indi-... 

Once the best set of interaction parameters has been found, these parameters should be used with the EoS to perform the VLE calculations. The computed values should be plotted together with the data. A comparison of the data with the EoS based calculated phase behavior reveals whether correct or incorrect phase behavior (erroneous liquid phase splitting) is obtained. 

Chin, et al. (1972) measured the hardnesses of Na and K halides (Cl, Br, and I) containing various additions of Ca++, Sr++, or Ba++. Then they extrapolated the measurements back to zero additions to get values for the pure crystals. They found that the latter depended linearly on the Young s moduli of their crystals. Gilman (1973) found an equally good correlation with the shear stiffnesses, where FI = 1.37 x 10 2 C44 (d/cm2) in excellent agreement with Equation 9.1. A comparison of the data and the theory is given in Figure 9.5. 

Evidence for this coupling was obtained by a comparison of the data for sulphuric and perchloric acids (12). 

A comparison of the data for the unsupported and the supported catalysts reveals that the activity per Co atom present as Co-Mo-S is much lower for the former catalyst system. This is probably related to the fact that in these catalysts many of the Co atoms are either inaccessible to the reactants or are subjected to diffusion restrictions. 

A comparison of the data in Figs 5.3 and 5.4 shows that a 40 at.% Ru electrode behaves like low at.% Ru electrodes, after the anode is subjected to long periods of potential or current cycling. This strongly suggests that Ru dissolution is occurring from the coating in the present series of experiments. 

Thus, a comparison of the data generated by Wrighton et al. [40] and Myrick et al. [46] suggests that high electrical conductivity in PPEs is related to... 

From a comparison of the data in Table 1 and Table 2, coordination of the phosphido complexes 3c and 4a,b to a Lewis acidic fragment generally leads... 

Figure 6.44. Magnetization vs. temperature for a 100-bilayer LB film transferred with Mn+ with the measuring field applied parallel to the film plane, (a) Comparison of the data taken upon warming the film after cooling in zero applied field (ZFC) and cooling in a field of 1000 G (FC). For both cases, the measuring field is 100 G. (b) The difference in the FC and ZFC data showing a net magnetization below 11.5 0.5 K. M represents Reprinted with permission from Petruska et al, 2002. Copyright (2002) American Chemical Society.

A comparison of the data obtained by using McDougal and Turner s treatment of the prediction of structured flow formation in the PVP-dextran system with the ternary diffusion data in Fig. 16 indicates that their theory is not compatible with our observations 36). 

In addition to the methods discussed here and in Section 6.2, there are a few other methods for measuring surface tension that are classified as dynamic methods as they involve the flow of the liquids involved (e.g., methods based on the dimensions of an oscillating liquid jet or of the ripples on a liquid film). As one might expect, the dynamic methods have their advantages as well as disadvantages. For example, the oscillating jet technique is ill-suited for air-liquid interfaces, but has been found quite useful in the case of surfactant solutions. A discussion of these methods, however, will require advanced fluid dynamics concepts that are beyond our scope here. As our primary objective in this chapter is simply to provide a basic introduction to surface tension and contact angle phenomena, we shall not consider dynamic methods here. Brief discussions of these methods and a comparison of the data obtained from different techniques are available elsewhere (e.g., see Adamson 1990 and references therein). 

If so, then the conclusions concerning reaction (5) may need modification. However, a comparison of the data with calculations derived from... 

The kinetic curves of the decay of P700+ at temperatures below 240 K are presented in Figs. 5 and 8. A comparison of the data at 220 and 240 K shows that the decay rate of P700+ determined by the fraction of P700f disappearing by a fixed time increases with decreasing temperature. Thus, for example, at 240 K, 80% of the P700+ decays within 73 min, whereas at 220 K, 93% of these particles disappear within 3 min. A similar conclusion can be drawn from a comparison of the decay curves at 180 and 160 or 140 K. 

Figure 24. A comparison of the data obtained from a range of surface rheological measurements of samples of /3-lg as a function of Tween 20 concentration. ( ), The surface diffusion coefficient of FITC-jS-lg (0.2 mg/ml) at the interfaces of a/w thin films (X), the surface shear viscosity of /3-lg (0.01 mg/ml) at the o/w interface after 5 hours adsorption ( ), the surface dilational elasticity and (o) the dilational loss modulus of /3-lg (0.2 mg/ml).

The validity of the predictions in Figure 5.18 can be shown with a comparison of the data taken by Holder and Hand (1982) for this system. The si and sll hydrate formation data points all compare quite well with the predictions with the exception of the point at 0.66 mole fraction ethane. Holder and Hand state that the data point at 0.66 mole fraction is sll but note that it could be at Aq-sII-V-Lhc conditions. The predictions in Figure 5.18 support their observation of possible four-phase conditions but suggest that the data point may be at metastable Aq-sII-V-Lhc conditions. 

The phase diagram of Corrigan and Bundy had been considered to be correct until 1987 when Leonidov et al. [43] published fluoro-calorimetric results for burning c-BN, and additional calculations from Solozhenko and Leonidov [44] followed in 1988. These papers described c-BN as the stable phase - up to 1300 °C. A comparison of the data for burning c-BN and h-BN confirm the c-BN stability ... 

Obviously, no one material meets all the requirements, although titanium and vanadium alloys have many desirable characteristics. A comparison of the data given in Table 4 with the priority list of Table 3 reveals, however, that stainless steel remains the primary choice for the near term experimental fusion reactors because of the existing industrial capability and a large data base. 

A band of this type has been observed for an enzyme-substrate complex ES where the enzyme was represented by the oxidized form of peroxidase cytochrome c, cyt(Fe(III)) and the substrate was the reduced form of cytochrome c, cytj (Fe(II)) [298]. Indeed, on mixing the solution of cyt(Fe(I I)) and cytj (Fe(II)) there appeared a new absorption band with the absorption maximum at Emax = 1.4 eV, the extinction coefficient e = 0.35 M-1 cm-1, and the width a = 0.2 eV. This band was referred [298] to charge transfer via electron tunneling, [cyt(Fe(III))/ cyt, (Fe(II))] -> [cyt(Fe(II))/cytl(Fe(III))]. From a comparison of the data on the intensity of this band with the results of fluorescence measurements, the distance between the iron atoms Fe(III) and Fe (II) in the [cyt(Fe(III))/cyt1(Fe(II))] complex has been estimated to be R 15-20 A and the edge-to-edge tunneling distance Rt = 7 A. 

A comparison of the data for compounds 61 and 62 showed that the double bond could be located by examining the chemical shift of C-7. From molecular models it was found that when the double bond was between C-8 and C-9 a y gauche interaction existed between the axial proton on C-l 1 and the a proton on C-7. This interaction was used to explain the higher field shift of C-7 in compounds with the 8,9-double bond such as 61. When the double bond was between C-l 1 and C-l2 these interactions were no longer present and C-7 appeared at lower field in 62. The chemical shift at C-7 was... 

The various equilibrium constants for the equilibria involved in the extraction of U(VI) by HTTA-B combinations are summarized in Table 7. A comparison of the data is rather difficult in view of the different experimental conditions employed. The deviation of 2,6-DMPO and 2 MPO from the basicity order of the series was attributed92 to the occurence of steric effects with these donors. 

Figure 2. A comparison of the data with the theory of BP (----------). Threshold is...

This is most evident from a comparison of the data obtained for crosslinked and non-crosslinked LDPE surfaces, see Figs. 4 and 5. 

The 7r-electron structures and energies of the singlet tt-tt transitions for a number of l//-pyrrolo[l,2-a jimidazoles (39), l/f-pyrrolo[l,2-f>]-s-triazoles (40) and l//-pyrrolo[2,l-c]-s-triazoles (41) were calculated by the MO LCAO method within the semiempirical self-consistent field (SCF) approximation. A comparison of the data shows that the maximum... 

These analytical results were obtained on samples collected during the combustion of SRC-II and No. 2 fuel oil. The fuels were combusted under very similar conditions and were collected under identical conditions. The burns were made without any complications, such as flameouts. Therefore, a comparison of the data derived from these combustion experiments appears to be valid and begins to answer the questions of what differences and similarities there are in the organic vapors present in the exhaust duct when a synfuel and petroleum product are combusted. 

Table II shows a comparison of the data for ab initio calculations of the lithium hydrazide system (NHNH2)Li+ (A)1819 with that for the side-on units Nl-N2-Li2 and N5-N6-U3 (B) in 9, derived from the X-ray structure determination ...

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