Aniline purple

Aniline. Purple, gradually turning brown. A brown precipitate on tanding. 

The next milestone in the development of organic synthesis was the preparation of the first synthetic dye, mauveine (aniline purple) by Perkin in 1856 Perkin, 1856, 1862). This is generally regarded as the first industrial organic synthesis. It is also a remarkable example of serendipity. Perkin s goal was the synthesis of the antimalarial drug quinine by oxidation of N-allyl toluidine (Fig. 2.4). 

The foundation of the synthetic dye industry is universally attributed to William Henry Perkin on account of his discovery in 1856 of a purple dye which he originally gave the name Aniline Purple, but which was later to become known as Mauveine. Perkin was a young enthusiastic British organic chemist who was carrying out research aimed not initially at synthetic dyes but rather at developing a synthetic route to quinine, the antimalarial drug. His objective in one particular set of experiments was... 

Perkins did not obtain the white crystals that characterize quinine, but instead got a reddish-black precipitate. Perkins decided to repeat the experiment replacing allyltoluidine with aniline (CgH NH2). When Perkins oxidized aniline with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2Oy), he got a brown precipitate. Upon rinsing out the container containing this residue, he produced a purple substance that turned out to be the first synthetic dye. Instead of quinine Perkins had produced aniline purple. Perkins decided to leave school and commercialize his discovery. Backed by his father and a brother, Perkins established a dye plant in London and obtained a patent for aniline... 

With the influence of an artist friend interested in painting and dyes, he started to develop aniline purple (Tyrian purple) production, which he patented in 1856 and set up a factory for. The dyestuff industry soon flourished. In 1859, Emanuel Verguin prepared the important dye fuschine, which was subsequently produced in Basel. In 1869, Perkin patented the synthesis of the natural dye alizarin, at the same time as Caro, Lieberman, and Graebe did so in Germany. Later, moreover, Perkin prepared alizarin from anthracene, which had been... 

The father of modem synthetic dyes was William Henry Perkin (1838-1907), who synthesized mauve, or aniline purple, in 1856. The story behind this great story bears telling. William s father was a builder who wanted him to become an architect, but like many others, Perkin did not follow his father s chosen profession. Perkin studied at the City of London School where he became interested in chemistry at the age of 12. A teacher, Mr. Hall, gave him work in the laboratory, which in turn, inspired Perkin to follow his natural curiosity. At age 15, Perkin entered the Royal College of Science and listened to the lectures... 

Basic Mauve or Aniline Purple, Perkin, 1856 Fuchsin, Verguin, 1859... 

Organic synthesis followed a different line of evolution. A landmark was Perkin s serendipitous synthesis of mauveine (aniline purple) in 1856 [26] which marked the advent of the synthetic dyestuffs industry, based on coal tar as the raw material. The present day fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries evolved largely as spin-offs of this activity. Coincidentally, Perkin was trying to synthesise the anti-malarial drug, quinine, by oxidation of a coal tar-based raw material, allyl toluidine, using stoichiometric amounts of potassium dichromate. Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals have remained primarily the domain of... 

When Perkin poured an alcohol on the black product, it turned a mauve color. He found a way to extract the purple substance from the black product and determined that his newly discovered substance was perfect for dyeing clothes. He named his accidental discovery aniline purple, but the fashionable people of Paris soon renamed it mauve. 

Through his accidental discovery of aniline purple, William Perkin found an inexpensive way to make the color mauve. His discovery brought on the beginning of the synthetic dye industry. 

The quest to tackle malaria with a synthetic drug was the challenge that led William Perkin to the discovery of his aniline purple, or mauve (5), in 1856. Research into antimalarials continued to attract attention, at first to aid colonial expansion, and later because of shortages in time of war. Research was guided by the fact that quinine was found to be an oxygenated quinoline, a 6-methoxyquinoline derivative (84), as established by Zdenko H. Skraup. The structure became available in 1908, through the research of Paul Rabe93. 

Wilham Henry Perkin was an entrepreneur and a self-made millionaire at an early age, long before the era of personal computers and dot-coms. His serendipitous synthesis of the purple dye mauve (also known as mauveine or aniline purple) in 1856 brought brightly colored clothing to the masses and laid the foundation for today s chemical and pharmaceutical industries. 

Perkin suspected he had a dye. He left school and used family money to start a factory. Within six months, he was producing what he called Aniline Purple. French dyers clamored for the new dye and named the color mauve. So popular did the color become that this period of history is known as the Mauve Decade. Perkin, having founded the huge synthetic dye industry, could retire, wealthy, at thirty-five. 

Among the first attempts to synthesise quinine, though unsuccessful, is the one by William Henry Perkin (1838-1907), an 18-year-old student at the Royal College of Chemistry in London. While the constitution of quinine was stiU rmknown, Perkin thought it would be possible to produce this alkaloid by oxidising N-allyl toluidine. Instead, he prepared accidentally aniline purple, which became better known as mauveine, the first industrial dyestuff and a cornerstone for the development of the chemical industry. 

No quinine was formed, but only a dirty reddish-brown precipitate. Unpromising though this result was, I was interested in the action, and thought it desirable to treat a more simple base in the same manner. Aniline was selected, and its sulphate was treated with potassium dichromate in this instance a black precipitate was obtained, and, on examination, this material was found to contain the colouring material since so well known as aniline purple or mauve ... 

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