3D weave

Consider a warp-interlaced 3D weave (rather multilayered weave) — Figure 2.2. The topological coding of a multilayered weave is based on the warp yams paths. 

In contrast to 2D woven and braided fabrics, yams of various layers in 3D fabrics are stacked regularly. Hence, nesting in 3D weaves appears to be less pronounced except for the cases of unbalanced fabric patterns [24]. 

Textile structures are not just limited to the apparel sector they have moved into equipment as well, especially with composite structures such as carbon fibre reinforced composites and novel textile construction. Methods such as 3D weaving and tailored fibre placement have meant that complex structures can be manufactured with specific geometry and physical properties. 

Rolincik PG Jr., Autoweave — A unique automated 3D weaving technology, SAMPE J, AQ-Al, Oct 1987. Also in Proceedings, TexComp-2, Leuven, May 17-19, 1994. 

Nodal 3D weave architecture Considerations to multilevel multilayer weave structures... 

Soden, J.A., 2000. 3D weave structures for engineering preforms. Ph.D. thesis. The University... 

The design of 3D weaves is more complicated than for 2D weaves, but a program. Weave Engineer, based on mathematical principles by Chen et al. (1996), is available from TexEng Software Ltd. It is easy to use in a series of steps. A typical output, which can be used as input to the control software of a weaving machine, is shown in Figure 12. 

Before we deal here with two distinct woven fabric categories, commonly called 2D weaves and 3D weaves, it is worthwhile to establish first the basic terminology. 

Walters, 1938 Walters and Gatzke, 1954 Finken and Robinson, 1959) because it was possible to realize them on simple looms. Much more sophisticated looms with electronic control were required for the realization of the weft interlock 3D weaving concept. For example, the use of a programmable Jacquard machine is implied in the patent of Miller et al. (1990). In the next two subsections, we briefly review each of these fabric manufacturing processes. 

This author suggests that Khokar s 3D weaving approach may be best termed as 3D dual interlacing (3DDI), and the fabric product can be named 3D Dual Interlaced Weave (3DDIW). 

To the best of this author s knowledge, 3DDfW preforms have been only produced in small demonstration samples on some manually operated devices. This author is not aware of any industrial-scale automated machines for their production. By the nature of this particular 3D weaving process, the fabric cross-sectional dimensions will be always relatively small (similar to the well-known situation with 3D braided fabrics), and the weaving speed will be always much slower than in the production of... 

As mentioned before. North Carolina State University in the first place, and then 3TEX, Inc., have designed and built several generations of fully automated specialty 3D weaving machines for 3DNCOW fabric production. All those machines were equipped with a specialty electronic control systems and associated specialty fabric design tools. 

Khokar, N., 1996. 3D fabric-forming processes distinguishing between 2D-weaving, 3D-weaving and an unspecified non-interlacing process. J. Text. Inst. 87 (1), 97-106. 

Mohamed, M.H., Bogdanovich, A ., 2009. Comparative analysis of different 3D weaving processes, machines and products. In Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-17), Edinburgh, UK, July 27-31,2009. lOM Communications Ltd. 

Dielectric constant, loss tangent, and thickness are some of the parameters (NASA Tech Briefs, 2008) to be considered for the nonconductive fabric layer. The circuit design of the conductive fabric layer is secured onto a nonconductive fabric layer using sewing, embroidery, adhesive means, and/or 3D weaving (Courtesy of Bally Ribbon Mills). Multilayer circuits can be built using conductive threads to make electrical connections between layers. 

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