Zoom scans

Figure 21 Zoom scan ESI mass spectra of angiotensin II after deuteration in water (upper) and in contact with lipid vesicles (lower).

FIGURE 15.3 (a) Data were acquired with a modified 4000 MS. At a scan speed of 20,000 Th s , the isotopic peak of the ion of m/z 614 is almost baseline separated, (b) Data were acquired with a Varian 500 LC/MS in order to show the mass resolution of the doubly-charged ions (separated by 0.5 Th) in a triple-resonance instrument. The mass spectrum shows clearly that the isotopic peaks of the doubly-charged ions are almost baseline separated at a scan speed of 5000 Th s". Note that this excellent mass resolution is achieved with the normal scan speed of 5000 Th s", not in zoom scan mode. 

Although the mass resolution of commercial instruments is poor (unit mass resolution), substantial improvements can be realized on research instruments by reducing the scan speed and the frequency and amplitude of the resonance ejection signal [44,45]. For example, a resolution of 1.13 x 10 was achieved for a cluster of Csl ions at 3510 u with a 2000-fold decrease in the scan speed [44]. The reduction of the scan rate to 0.1 miq unit/s has led to a further improvement in resolution to 1.2 x 10 for mIq 614 [45]. A zoom scan, in which a narrow window of masses is scanned, is another alternative to enhance resolution. 

The analyze mode display is similar to the scan mode display used online. Analyze mode includes functions for evaluation of data, e. g. markers, measure functions, zoom function and selection of cross-section views. In addition, A-scan data can be reconstructed into images and displayed. 

This observation is the basis of NMR. The technique focuses on the study of a single type of nucleus instead of scanning for all nuclei, which are spread over a wide range of frequencies. Thus, to investigate the fine structure of each compound studied, the technique zooms over a small range of frequencies (for example 1000 Hz). 

Laser Power Meter A laser power meter is used to measure the power coming form the individual lines using a 10x lens. The power detector is placed on the stage, the zoom is set to 10x or higher and the system is set for bidirectional scanning. The value obtained allows you to determine, if the system is performing properly as power transmission is related to the alignment and function of the system. 

Fig. 24 Three lines written in PMMA with Vw/Vr= 10. The lines are 40 3 nm, 38 4 nm and 37 2 nm wide, and 3.4 0.4 nm, 3.4 0.3 nm and 3.4 0.3 nm deep (scan width 3 pm, z scale 5 nm, 500x500 pixels). The inset shows a zoom at the beginning of the middle line...

Figure 1.6. Flucrescence emission intensity of (A) Eu-TDPA-doped Ag Si02 and (B) RhSOO-doped Ag Si02 and from the corresponding fluorescent nanobubbles (control samples), Eu-TDPA-doped S1O2 and RhSOO-doped Si02. The diameter of the Ag is 130 10 nm and the thickness of the shell is 11 1 nm for all the samples. (Q Scanning confocal images (20x20 mm) of (1) Alexa 647 Ag Si02, (2) Alexa 647 Si02, (3) zoomed in version of (B). Intensity counts in the scale were normalized to 1.

In the examples discussed above, we have already utilized a common data display format, i.e., the top-view. In this option, the height information is displayed in a color (or gray scale) scheme. Typically the z scale is shown with exaggerated zoom in the figures shown above the z-scale covers over the entire range height values from 0 to 1000 nm over a lateral scan size of (60 pm)2. In addition, the color scale and contrast settings may enhance the subjective contrast and particular... 

Additional important artifacts are related to the effect of the probe tip on the sample specimen. The scanning tip, especially in CM, may result in plastic modification (recognized as vertical ridges (compare Sect. 3.2.3 in Chap. 3 Fig. 3.16). For any experiment, it is hence advisable to zoom out to a larger scan area once in a while to check whether or not the tip has modified the previously scanned area. This can be seen either as altered texture and morphology or as friction or phase images (if applicable). 

Hence it can be concluded that CM-AFM is in many cases a poor choice for imaging the surface morphology of amorphous polymers. Intermittent contact modes, such as tapping mode, are less invasive, since here lateral forces are virtually eliminated and the cantilever-tip assembly is oscillated at relatively high frequencies (on the order of 100 kHz in air). Despite these facts, it must be ensured in any experiment that the interaction of the scanned probe and the surface did not lead to a modification of the surface. This can be conveniently done by imaging both a previously scanned and previously unscanned area by zooming out. 

Figure 3a. Zoomed 5.5mm-long scan of location indicated by the box in Figure 2. Z-range is 200nm. > ...

The scan rate in the Scan-Syne-In mode is determined essentially by the sean-ner. Therefore, the scan rate, zoom, or region of interest seleeted in a seanning microscope automatically acts on the TCSPC reeording. Seanning ean simply be started und continued until a suffieient number of photons has been eolleeted. 

Top pamh Some representative surface morphologies of pentacene scanned by tapping mode AFM. (a) 20 A pentacene—three monolayers can be seen—and 5 x 5 im field of view, (b) 50 A pentacene—five monolayers can be seen—and 5 x 5 im field of view, (c) Area zoomed in (b). Bottom panel. Computer simulation results where one can identify (a) three monolayers and (b) five monolayers, (c) Area zoomed in (b). The size of the lattice is 200 x 200 and the total number of particles deposited in (c) is about 90,000. (From Zorba, S. et al., Phys. Rev. B, 74, 245410, 2006. With permission.)... 

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