Zirconium trifluoride

Zirconium trifluoride [13814-22-7], ZrP, was first prepared by the fluorination of ZrH2 using a mixture of H2 and anhydrous HP at 750°C (2). It can also be prepared by the electrolysis of Zr metal in KF—NaF melts (3). Zirconium trifluoride is stable at ambient temperatures but decomposes at 300°C. It is slightly soluble in hot water and readily soluble in inorganic acids. This compound is of academic interest rather than of any industrial importance. 

Attempts to prepare zirconium trifluoride, ZrF, by the zirconium reduction of zirconium tetrafluoride were unsuccesshil, but it has been made by heating zirconium hydride to 750°C in a stream of hydrogen and hydrogen fluoride (179). 

Attempts to prepare zirconium trifluoride, by a similar direct reduction of the tetrafluoride with zirconium (37), have been unsuccessful, with no new phase formed. It was suggested that the earlier report was based on material which had either oxide or hydride impurity or which was, possibly, a metastable phase. 

Ehrlich 160) reports that zirconium trifluoride is stable in air to 300°C, and stable to disproportionation at 850°C. In addition, it is reported as being difficulty soluble in hot water, and soluble in warm mineral acids without evolution of hydrogen. This is inconsistent with the conclusion of Straumanis 539) that zirconium trifluoride is an inter-... 

Znl2[g] ZINC IODIDE (GAS) 1835 ZrF3 ZIRCONIUM TRIFLUORIDE 1868... 

Zn3N2 ZINC NITRIDE 1835 ZrF3[g] ZIRCONIUM TRIFLUORIDE (GAS) 1869... 

Other catalysts which may be used in the Friedel - Crafts alkylation reaction include ferric chloride, antimony pentachloride, zirconium tetrachloride, boron trifluoride, zinc chloride and hydrogen fluoride but these are generally not so effective in academic laboratories. The alkylating agents include alkyl halides, alcohols and olefines. 

Lead Ammonium nitrate, chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium azide and carbide, zirconium, oxidants... 

The vapor-phase esterification of ethanol has also been studied extensively (363,364), but it is not used commercially. The reaction can be catalyzed by siUca gel (365,366), thoria on siUca or alumina (367), zirconium dioxide (368), and by xerogels and aerogels (369). Above 300°C the dehydration of ethanol becomes appreciable. Ethyl acetate can also be produced from acetaldehyde by the Tischenko reaction (370—372) using an aluminum alkoxide catalyst and, with some difficulty, by the boron trifluoride-catalyzed direct esterification of ethylene with organic acids (373). 

Iodoform Iodomethane Iron disulfide Isothiourea Ketones Lactonitrile Lead Acetone, lithium, mercury(II) oxide, mercury(I) chloride, silver nitrate Silver chlorite, sodium Water, powdered pyrites Acrylaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid Aldehydes, nitric acid, perchloric acid Oxidizing materials Ammonium nitrate, chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium azide and carbide, zirconium, oxidants... 

Safety precautions applicable to direct liquid phase fluorination of aromatic compounds are discussed [1]. Attention is drawn to the hazards attached to the use of many newer fluorinating agents [2], In a study of fluorination reactions of hafnium and zirconium oxides by the fluoroxidisers xenon difluoride, chlorine trifluoride and bromine trifluoride, reactivity decreased in the order given [3],... 

Although the number of tetrafluorides reported is as large as the number of di- and trifluorides (see Table III), this group of compounds is the least well characterized structurally of the transition metal fluorides. The synthesis of most of the expected tetrafluorides has been reported, with examples from titanium to manganese in the first, from zirconium to palladium (except for technetium) in the second, and from hafnium to platinum (except for tantalum) in the third series. Many of them have been little studied and, in general, they have not proved amenable to crystallographic structural analysis. 

The volumes per formula unit for the tetrafluorides are not easily correlated, unlike those for the di- and trifluorides. This reflects the change from three-dimensional, network solids to either two-dimensional, or more loosely linked, networks. Significantly, the smallest volume is found for zirconium and hafnium tetrafluorides, although these metal atoms have the largest sizes. However, with an eight-... 

The redistribution reaction in lead compounds is straightforward and there are no appreciable side reactions. It is normally carried out commercially in the liquid phase at substantially room temperature. However, a catalyst is required to effect the reaction with lead compounds. A number of catalysts have been patented, but the exact procedure as practiced commercially has never been revealed. Among the effective catalysts are activated alumina and other activated metal oxides, triethyllead chloride, triethyllead iodide, phosphorus trichloride, arsenic trichloride, bismuth trichloride, iron(III)chloride, zirconium(IV)-chloride, tin(IV)chloride, zinc chloride, zinc fluoride, mercury(II)chloride, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, dimethyl-aluminum chloride, and platinum(IV)chloride 43,70-72,79,80,97,117, 131,31s) A separate catalyst compound is not required for the exchange between R.jPb and R3PbX compounds however, this type of uncatalyzed exchange is rather slow. Again, the products are practically a random mixture. 

Friedel-Craets reaction Aluminum chloride. Benzenesulfonic anhydride. Boron trifluoride. 7-Butyrolactone. Catechol dichloromethylene ether. Chloroform (solvent). Chloromethyl methyl ether. 1,1-Didilorodimethyl ether. 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride. Hydrogen fluoride. Iodine. Folyphosphoric add. Sodium aluminum chloride. Stannic chloride. Sulfur. Sulfur monochloride. Titanium tetrachloride. Trichloramine. Zirconium tetrachloride. Friedel-Craets type reactions Dimethylacetamide. lodosobenzene. 

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