Zinnia

Specific inhibitors have also been extracted, and studied, from Cyperns esculentus (146) Artemisia vulgaris (87) Madia glomerata (26) roots of Chrysanthemum morifolium (4) Zinnia oligantha (145) and Vitis vinifera (133). 

In some species, onion (2), tomato, and sugar beet (13), the interface regions between cells, ie the middle lamella and the cell corners, are rich in relatively unesterified pectins which may function in cell-cell adhesion and play an important structural role in tissue integrity. Cell corners, in particular, may act as joists in the scaffolding function of the wall, bearing much of the mechanical load of the tissue (Jeronomidis, pers. comm.). In Zinnia leaves, although all of the cell-walls contain methyl-esterified pectin. 

Zinnia system very useful for looking at developmentally-regulated changes in Avail architecture (14). 

Fig 6 Immunodot-blots of culture-medium aliquots sampled during the time-course of differentiation of Zinnia mesophyll cells to tracheary elements and dotted on to nitrocellulose. I = Inductive medium, N = Non-inductive medium. The JIM 7 epitope dries in a series of concentric rings on the nitrocellulose, indicating a mixed population of pectins. During the time-course, the rhamnose content of inductive culture medium increases dramatically compared with non-inductive medium. 

Stacey, N.J., Roberts, K., Carpita, N.C., Wells, B. and McCann, M.C. (1995) Dynamic changes in cell surface molecules are very early events in the differentiation of mesophyll cells from Zinnia elegans into tracheary elements. The Plant Journal, in press. 

Ros Barcelo, A. Pomar, F. Oxidation of cinnamyl alcohols and aldehydes by a basic peroxidase from lignifying Zinnia elegans hypocotyls. Phytochemistry 2001, 57, 1105-1113. 

The induction of PAL activity at the onset of vascular differentiation can be shown by the use of plant tissue cultures (37-39). Xylem cells with secondary and lignified walls are differentiated over a time course of 3-14 days by the application of the plant growth factors naphthylene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the ratio 5 1 (1.0 mg/liter NAA, 0.2 mg/liter kinetin) to tissue cultures of bean cells (Phaseolus vulgaris) (37,40). The time for differentiation varies with the type of culture, solid or suspension, and with the frequency and duration of subculture, but for any one culture it is relatively constant (37,41,42). At the time of differentiation when the xylem vessels form, the activity of PAL rises to a maximum. The rising phase of the enzyme activity was inhibited by actinomycin D and by D-2,4-(4-methyl-2,6-dinitroanilino)-N-methylpropionamide (MDMP) applied under carefully controlled conditions (42). This indicated that both transcription and translation were necessary for the response to the hormones. Experiments using an antibody for PAL and a cDNA probe for the PAL-mRNA have also shown that there is an increase in the amount of transcript for PAL during the formation of lignin when Zinnia mesophyll cells are induced to form xylem elements in culture (Lin and Northcote, unpublished work). 

Ros-Barcelo et al. (2002) analyzed lignifying xylem of Zinnia elegans. Based on the inhibition of H202 production as a result of treatment with... 

Ros-Barcelo, A., Pomar, F., Lopez-Serrano, M., Martinez, P., Pedreno, M. A., 2002, Developmental regulation of the H2C>2-producing system and of a basic peroxidase isoenzyme in the Zinnia elegans lignifying xylem, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40 325-332. 

Fiu F, Eriksson K-EF, Dean JFD (1999) Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Zinnia elegans L. Stems. Phytochemistry 52 545... 

Kim, H. Y., and Suzuki, Y. (1989). Changes in assimilated BC distribution and soluble acid invertase activity of Zinnia elegans induced by Uniconazol an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 90, 316-321. 

FORKMANN, G., STOTZ, G., Selection and characterization of flavanone 3-hydroxylase mutants of Dahlia, Streptocarpus, Verbena and Zinnia. Planta, 1984, 161,261-265. 

Zinniol. Zinniol [13] was first described as a phytotoxic metabolite of Alternarla zinniae (21). Zinniol is now known to be produced by many Alternaria spp., including fungal pathogens of weeds and crop plants (21). This compound causes necrosis in plants (21)> S2) and "green island formation, as discussed earlier. 

Santoiina (lavender cotton) Sanvitaiia (creeping zinnia) Sartweiiia (glowwort)... 

Fig. (2). Lineal dependence of Ku values for coniferyl alcohol on H2O2 concentration during the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol catalyzed by the Zinnia elegans basic peroxidase at pH 5.0...

Encourage good air circulation by thinning plants. Water from below to keep foliage dry. Protect mildew-prone plants, like zinnias, by spraying leaves early in the season with an... 

You could fill an entire garden with zinnias and have a different type in every section. Plant height ranges from 6" to 36" flowers can be button-size to dinner plate-size, single or double, smooth or ruffled, solid, multicolored, or striped. Just about every color is represented"except blue. Flowering is possible from spring until frost. 

If you purchase seedling or potted zinnias, look for those that have not begun flowering or setting buds. Expect slow growth initially after transplanting. Make certain roots don t dry out in the process, water immediately, and give temporary shade in hot weather while plants adjust. 

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