Ytterbium, oxidation

Ytterbium oxide (Yb O ) is used to make special alloys, ceramics, and glass. It can be used for carbon arc-lamp electrodes that produce a very bright light. 

After separation from other rare earths, ytterbium is usually obtained as its oxide, Yb203. If separated as oxalate, oxalate is converted into oxide by high temperature. Ytterbium oxide is reduced to metallic ytterbium by heating with lanthanum metal in high vacuum. The metal is purified by sublimation and collected over a condenser plate. Aluminum, zirconium, and cerium also are effective reducing agents and may be used instead of lanthanum. 

Ytterbium oxide is used in cored carbon rods for industrial lighting. The oxide also is used as an additive in special glasses. Other uses are in dielectric ceramics and special alloys. 

Ytterbium oxide is produced as an intermediate in recovering ytterbium from minerals (See Ytterbium). After opening the ore by digestion with concentrated sulfuric acid or caustic soda solution at high temperatures, rare earths are separated by ion exchange, solvent extraction, or fractional precipitation. Ytterbium fraction is treated with oxahc acid or sodium oxalate to precipitate jdterbium oxalate, which is ignited to yield ytterbium oxide. 

Elemental composition Yb 87.82%, 0 12.18%. Ytterbium oxide is dissolved in dilute acids and diluted for analysis by flame-AA or ICP-AES methods. The oxide may be characterized by x-ray. 

The principal sources of ytterbium are euxenite, gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. the latter being the most important. Ytterbium is separated from a mixture of yttrium and the heavy Lanthanides by using the sodium amalgam reduction technique. Ytterbium metal is obtained by heating a mixture of lanthanum metal and ytterbium oxide under high vacuum. The ytterbium sublimes and is collected on condenser plates whereas the lanthanum is oxidized to the sesquioxide. 

The only ytterbium compound of commercial interest is ytterbium oxide (Yb203). This compound is used to make alloys and special types of ceramics and glass. In 2007, ytterbium oxide sold for about 450 per kilogram. 

Rhoads K, Sanders, CL. 1985. Lung clearance, translocation, and acute toxicity of arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, lead, selenium, vanadium, and ytterbium oxides following deposition in rat lung. Environ Res 36 359-378. 

Pechenyuk, S.L, Adsorption of potential determining ions on the surfaces of yttrium, samarium, and ytterbium oxides, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 61, 165, 1987. 

The precursor mixed oxide of Cu60gLn(N03) can be prepared with copper and metal ions where the oxide of the metal ion express InjOs type crystal structure [11,12]. Therefore, the metal ion of Ln can be changed to In and some lanthanide ions (Ho to Lu). The catalytic activity of Ho, Er and Yb contained copper prepared from the corresponding mixed oxides are listed in Table 3. From the results in Table 3, the catalytic activity is changed by changing the oxide and ytterbium oxide contained copper show the highest activity. There are various factors, e.g. the nature and condition of the precursor oxide, to explain the difference. However, the difference cannot be explained further from the results in this work. 

When the catalyst prepared from the copper and ytterbium oxide mixture was... 

Fig.2 (a) The dependence of the activity for methanol production upon the calcination temperature of the precursor of the copper and ytterbium oxide mixture and (b) XRD pattern of the precursor oxide mixture calcined at various temperatures. 

Fig. 2 shows (a) the dependence of the activity at 473 K upon the calcination temperatures of the precursor of copper and ytterbium oxide mixture, where the content of Yb is 14 atomic % to Cu and the precursors were reduced at 523 K, and (b) the XRD pattern of the precursor at various calcination temperatures. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the catalytic activity improved by the calcination of the obtained coprecipitate and the catalyst prepared from the precursor calcined at 473 K exhibit the optimum activity. The activities of the catalysts prepared from the precursor calcined above 473 K decreased with raising the calcination temperatures. From the XRD patterns of the precursors calcined at various temperatures as shown in Fig.2 (b), only the pattern attributed to CuO is observed to the precursors calcined up to 623 K and the peaks are sharper with raising the calcination temperatures, while the pattern attributed to 6203 is also observed to the precursors calcined over 723 K. These results suggest that the condition of the precursor of the oxide mixture is seriously affected by the catalytic behavior. This suggests that the condition of the oxide mixture is one of the important factors for the preparation of active catalysts from the mixture. The condition of the precursors was also observed by XPS. 

Table 4 shows the XPS peak intensity ratio of Cu (2p)A"b (3d) for the catalyst precursors, the content of Yb is 14 atomic %, calcined at various temperatures. From the results in Table 4, the values of the ratio decrease with raising the calcination temperatures. This suggests that ytterbium oxide gradually deposits over the surface when raising the calcination temperatures. Therefore, the optimum condition of the catalyst precursor. 

Purification of Ytterbium and Lutetium. One hundred grams of crude lutetium-ytterbium acetate dissolved in 133 ml. of boiling water was treated with 22.7 g. of sodium in 250 ml. of mercury and with 7 ml. of glacial acetic acid. The resulting amalgam gave a yield of pure ytterbium oxide of 73%. Treatment of a similar sample with 28.4 g. of sodium gave a yield of pure ytterbium(III) oxide of 93%. 

Ytterbium(lll) tris(perfluoroalkanesulfonyl)methides 34 are effective catalysts (10% mol) for the Friedel-Crafts acylation of arenes with anhydrides. Compounds 34 can be prepared as described in Scheme 3.7. Trimethylsilylmethyl lithium 31 is reacted with commercially available per-fluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides, giving intermediates 32 that can similarly produce tris-perfluoroalkanesulfonyl derivatives 33. These compounds are converted into the catalysts 34 by reaction with ytterbium oxide. It is shown that the highly fluorinated catalyst (34, Ri = C5F13, = C8F17) (10% mol)... 

EINECS 215-234-0 Ytterbium (III) oxide Ytterbium oxide Ytterbium oxide (Yb203). Used in special alloys, dielectric ceramics, carbon rods for industrial lighting, catalyst, and special glasses. Solid soluble in dilute xids. Atomergic Chemetals Noah Chem. Rhone-Poulenc. 

Fig. 11. Electron energy loss spectra of Yb as a function of O2 exposure in N(E) form. The loss process at 181 eV is due to a 4d- 4f resonant excitation in the ytterbium oxide (Bertel et al., 1982).

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Boron nitride Hexafluoroethane Sulfur hexafluoride Tributyl phosphate dielectric ceramics Ytterbium oxide dielectric chemical Chlorotrifluoromethane dielectric constant enhancer, condensers N-Nitrosodimethylamine dielectric elec, equipment Sulfolane... 

Yttrium oxide 1314-37-0 Ytterbium oxide 1314-41-6 Lead oxide, red Naftopast Red Lead A, P 1314-56-3... 

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