Y -Hydroxybutyric acid

Apart from lactic and hydroxyacetic acids, other a- and P-hydroxy acids have been small-volume specialty products produced in a variety of methods for specialized uses. y-Butyrolactone [96 8-0] which is the monomeric inner ester of y-hydroxybutyric acid [591-81-17, is a large-volume chemical derived from 1,4-butanediol (see Acetylene-derived chemicals). 

Certain bacterial species produce polymers of y-hydroxybutyric acid and other hydroxyalkanoic acids as storage polymers. These are biodegradable polymers with some desirable properties for manufacture of biodegradable packaging materials, and considerable effort is being devoted by ICI Ltd. and others to the development of bacterial fermentation processes to produce these polymers at a high molecular weight (66). 

One of the classic examples of a reversible reaction that is first-order in both directions is the conversion of y-hydroxybutyric acid into its lactone in aqueous solution. 

Problem 16.24 Write the structure for the lactone formed on heating in the presence of acid (a) y-hydroxybutyric acid, (b) 6-hydroxyvaleric acid. ... 

Pentaerythitol, propionic acid Diol, y-hydroxybutyric acid 21-24, 33, 34... 

One of the classical examples of a reversible reaction is the conversion of y-hydroxybutyric acid into its lactone in an aqueous solution. In aqueous solution, the water concentration may be considered constant, so the reverse reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The following data were obtained. Determine the values of both first-order rate constants (forward and reverse). The initial acid concentration is 182.3 mol/L. 

Selected y-hydroxybutyric acid amide derivatives, (I), prepared by Cacciaglia (1) were effective in the treatment of alcoholism and illustrated in Table 1. 

Table 1 y-Hydroxybutyric acid amide derivatives effective in treating alcoholism prepared by Cacciaglia (1)... 

Figure 5.4. Conversion of y-hydroxybutyric acid into its lactone, plotted as reversible first order-first order reaction (left) and as irreversible reaction of order 1.5 (right).

SYNS Y-(3480 Y-BL BLO BLON BUTYRIC ACID LACTONE a-BUTYROLACTONE Y-BUTYROLACTONE (FCC) BUTYRYL LACTONE 4-DEOXYTETRONIC ACID DIHYDRO-2(3H)-FURAN-ONE FEMA No. 3291 4-HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID LACTONE Y-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID CYCLIC ESTER 4-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID Y-LACTONE Y-... 

HYDROXYBUTYRALDEHYDE see. AAH750 P-HYDROXYBUTYRALDEHYDE see YAH750 Y-HYDROXYBUTYRATE sodium salt see HJS500 Y-HYDROXYBUTYRIC acid CYCUC ester see BOVOOO... 

S. Carten III, Evidence for a G protein coupled y-hydroxybutyric acid receptor. J. Neurochem., 75 (2000) 1986-1996. 

Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication seven cases of y-hydroxybutyric acid overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1998 31 723-8. 

Gessa and co-workers reported that intraperitoneal administration of y-hydroxybutyric acid to rats and rabbits produces marked and rapid increase in brain dopamine which was not due to monoamine oxidase inhibition or to stimulation of dopamine synthesis. No appreciable change in brain norepinephrine or serotonin occurred. The loss of righting reflex which was observed correlated temporally with high dopamine levels in the brain. 

Sprince, Josephs and Wilpizeski measured the effects of y-hydroxybutyric acid and several related compounds by noting loss of righting reflex after intraperitoneal injection in rats. y-Butyrolactone was active more quickly and for a longer time than equivalent amounts of the acid. 1, 4-Butanediol was comparable in activity to the acid, but 1, 3-butanediol was much less active. Pyruvate prevented or reversed the ERR effect of the acid, the lactone and the 1, 4-diol. 

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