X-ray fluoroscopy

X-ray fluoroscopy is used for direct on-line examination. A fluorescent screen is used to convert x-ray photons into visible light photons. A television camera receives the visible image and displays it on a television screen (see Fig. 19). This type of system is used for security screening of carry-on luggage at airports. 

Combine information of the same patient before, during, and after surgery, such as preoperative CT and intraoperative x-ray fluoroscopy, preoperative MRI and intraoperative video from a microscope or an endoscope, or CT and x-rays from before and after surgery... 

Real-time visualization (i.e., ultrasound, optical. X-ray fluoroscopy)... 

X-ray fluoroscopy has been used in percutaneous catheter-navigation procedures for almost two decades because of its abihty to depict surgical instruments such as guidewires, catheters, and other implantable devices such as stents and valves, but it has inherent limitations associated with soft... 

An extension of traditional X-ray fluoroscopy are the recently developed cone-beam CT systems [17-19], which enable real-time imaging and 3D reconstruction of anatomical structures intraoperatively, therefore reducing the reliance on preoperative CT scans and providing superior visualization to traditional X-ray fluoroscopy. 

The imaging department has magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scanning, and nuclear imaging four X-ray/fluoroscopy rooms cardiac and vascular laboratories a linear accelerator bunker, and an ultrasound room. 

The combination of micro X-ray fluoroscopy and micro-CT, offers the potential for new insights into structure-function relationships in the lung. This will be further enhanced with the introduction of multi-modality protocols utilizing various combinations of technology, as outlined in other chapters of this book. 

CT fluoroscopy control is regarded as ideal. With adequate technology, the radiation exposure for patients and the treating physician is unproblematic. The control by sonography and X-ray fluoroscopy would be feasible, in principle, with some lesions however, at present they are practically not used (Diederich and Hosten 2004). 

Ogawa Y, Tokumitsu N (1990) Observation of slag fotiming by X-ray fluoroscopy, In Proceedings of the 6th international iron and steel congress. ISIJ, Tokyo, p 147... 

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