Worldwide marine animals

A worldwide flood of this magnitude would also accoimt for the fossils being formed in the first place, the polystrate fossil phenomenon, why fossils of marine animals can frequently be formd in the mountains, and the huge fossil graveyards that have been... 

Aside from the capricious result of the A. californicum research the tunicates in general represent a productive source of new antineoplastic substances (for leading references consult 23)). Indeed, during our initial (1965-1968) worldwide evaluation of marine animals as sources of new anticancer substances, we uncovered the first tunicates (e.g., Styela plicata) with such constituents (4). On our Institute s 1976 expedition to the coast of Honduras, we located a very promising [NCI confirmed active, T/C 173 (9.37 mg/kg)] tunicate of the Trididemnum genus that was later found independently by A. J. Weinheimer and colleagues to yield potent antineoplastic cyclic depsipeptides (the didemnins). 

Invertebrates comprise about 60% of all marine animal diversity [12], the phyla Porifera and Cnidaria are the two dominant sources of NMNPI worldwide together responsible for 72% of the compounds, and 77% of the compounds are isolated from marine invertebrates. Within each phylum above the majority of substances belong to a single class of sponges (Porifera Demospongiae) and one class of corals (Cnidaria Anthozoa Fig. 1) [5,13-15]. The majority of coral compounds are derived from the isoprenoid... 

Owing to the immense diversity of animals and microbes in the marine environments, and their almost untouched capacity to produce natural products, the importance for marine pharmaceutical and nutra-ceutical industries was realized on a broad basis by the scientific communities recently. This has strengthened worldwide research activities on the exploration of bioactive compounds from marine organisms for pharmaceutical use, as well as the development of other valuable products, such as enzymes, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. 

Without iodine supplements in the form of marine fishmeal or mineral mixtures, the farm animals of most countries worldwide would suffer of iodine deficiency. Germany and most industrially developed countries unconsciously supply farm animals (and in turn the population) with iodine by fertilizing the land with Chile saltpeter, which has a high iodine content. During World War I, the importation of Chile saltpeter to Europe was stopped, and thereafter synthetic nitrogen containing no iodine was produced worldwide. Consequently, iodine deficiencies in both animals and man reap-... 

The stocking of hatchery-bred fish into the wild in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments is used worldwide to maintain or enhance fish stocks for sport or recreation, to provide food and income, and to conserve threatened species (Cowx, 1994 Welcomme and Bartley, 1998). Many endangered species of animals require captive breeding to save them from extinction and a range of species have been preserved in captivity (Frankham et al., 2002). 

The best current estimates conclude that global fisheries contribute between 225 billion and 240 billion per year to the worldwide economy. Marine fisheries alone provide fifteen percent of the animal protein consumed by humans annually. Despite the... 

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