Words and Sentences

Sentence splitting segmentation of the document into a list of sentences. 

Tokenisation segmentation of each sentence into a number of tokens, possible processing of XML. 

Homograph resolution determination of the correct underlying word for any ambiguous natural-language token. 

Prosody prediction attempting to predict a prosodic form for each utterance from the text. This includes 

This section examines the notion of just what we mean ly a word and a sentence. We may think we are so famiUar with these entities that we don t have to consider them further, but, as we saw in Chapter 2, we nearly all make one basic confusion, which is to confuse words with their written form. The next sections therefore attempt to define the notions of words and sentences with some rigour. 

Pre-processing possible identification of text genre, character encoding issues, possible multi-lingual issues. 

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Get involved with the passage. Critical reading is an active endeavor, not a passive one. React to the material, form questions as you read, and make your own marks on the paper. Write in the margins, underline important words and sentences—talk back ... 

Editing takes a closer look at your writing, through a stronger lens that highlights words and sentences. Are your word choices appropriate and fresh Are there any repetitive or awkward sentences or phrases ... 

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. 

To edit your essay effectively, you ll need to read each paragraph a number of times, paying careful attention to your sentences and the words that comprise them. While some students edit well on the computer, many others work better on a hard copy. Unlike revising, which entails the possible reworking of large parts of your essay, editing is a word-by-word and sentence-by-sentence task. Taking pen to paper may help you focus more closely on the pieces that make up your essay, rather than the work as a whole. 

Mechanics refers to the standard practices for the presentation of words and sentences, including capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. As with grammar, there are many rules for mechanics, but here we will cover the ones that cause essay writers the most problems. See the Appendix for more thorough grammar and mechanics resources. 

It is important to be sensitive to the texture of words and sentences. The word surely, for example, has an open texture as well as a confidence and reassurance. So in that beautiful phrase of the second Isaiah which is so familiar to us through Handel s setting, Surely he hath borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, surely conveys an overtone of certainly it is true, but it conveys it in a open form, inviting contemplation and discussion rather than foreclosing it with a cocksureness or false and shallow security. It is indeed, as Saint Peter Damian calls it, the reticence of Holy Writ wherein silence itself cries out that some greatness is at hand. Or, to take another example from an early author, consider Saint Paul s statement on the meaning of the death of Christ Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended... 

Lesson 3 Determine the meaning of words from context. You practiced looking for clues to determine meaning in the words and sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word or phrase. 

Looking back to Sample 1, you should be able to recognize how the writer used her natural teenage voice to connect with her peers and how the words and sentences she chose contributed to her overall skillful completion of this essay. 

This writer has changed some of the words and sentences, but the passage has obviously been borrowed and must be attributed to its source. 

Coherence is really concerned with the overall sense of your written text. Having read aloud and checked the sense of individual words and sentences as you go, you need to find out if the whole assignment is coherent and has a... 

For inner Hearing, we have texts with a profound resonance in these three modes. Words and sentences carry within them an unsuspected sou I. A text wh ich has been profoundly thought about, read and reread by hundreds of Adepts before us - such a text becomes, in a way, a series... 

Larkin Rainard (1984) argued that the internal or mental representation of a problem changes as the problem is worked. The first representation of many problems is the collection of words and sentences that make up its written description. The solver uses these words to build a new representation that includes the objects mentioned in the problem statement and the relationship between these objects. Solving scientific problems requires a third representation, which includes elements that are neither words nor real objects, but scientific objects such as pressure and area. Finally, to obtain an algebraic or numerical answer requires a fourth type of representation, which includes algebraic symbols related by operators and equalities. 

The verbal component describes the system of phonemes, words and sentences. It is a discrete symbolic system in which a finite number of units can be arranged to generate an enormous number of messages. 

Ohman, S. Word and sentence intonation A quantitative model. STL-QPSR 2-3 (1967). 

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