Wood cord

Production and consumption of wood products and residues are measured ia various units, based on common usage and their metric equivalents (2—4). Pulpwood logs and fuelwood are commonly measured ia cords. A cord refers to a stacked pile of wood, with outside dimensions of 4 by 4 by 8 ft (1.22 by 1.22 by 2.44 m) and a volume of 128 ft (3.62 m ). The weight of a cord depends on density of wood and bark and on moisture content. In the United States, it can range from 1.3 to 1.7 short tons (1.2 to 1.5 metric tons), air dried. 

Charcoal is produced commercially from primary wood-processing residues and low quaUty roundwood in either kilns or continuous furnaces. A kiln is used if the raw material is in the form of roundwood, sawmill slabs, or edgings. In the United States, most kilns are constmcted of poured concrete with a capacity of 40 to 100 cords of wood and operating on a 7- to 12-d cycle. Sawdust, shavings, or milled wood and bark are converted to charcoal in a continuous multiple-hearth furnace commonly referred to as a Herreshoff furnace. The capacity is usually at least 1 ton of charcoal per hour. The yield is - 25% by weight on a dry basis. 

Slides Microstructures of GFRP, glass-filled polymer, cermet, wood sectioned piece of cord-reinforced automobile tyre. 

Where resorcinol adhesives are not suitable, resins can be prepared from modified resorcinol [128], Characteristic of these types of resins arc those used for tyre cord adhesives, in which a pure resorcinol-formaldehyde resin is used, or alternatively, alkyl resorcinol or oil-soluble resins suitable for rubber compounding are obtained by prereaction of resorcinol with fatty acids in the presence of sulfuric acid at high temperature followed by reaction with formaldehyde. Worldwide more than 90% of resorcinol adhesives are used as cold-setting wood adhesives. The other most notable application is as tyre cord adhesives, which constitutes less than 5% of the total use. 

Petard simulating the fire of a battery, used in order to deceive the enemy about the location of gun batteries. Most of these petards consisted of charges of rifle powder enclosed in wood or cardboard boxes, reinforced with cord or wire... 

Native Americans had several innovative uses for the wood. The Shasta Indians used it to make, a special knife to out the umbilical cord of a newborn. 

Schumacher, M., Kessler, A., Meier, A., Wiegeit, A., and Wood, W. G., Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in cord and capillary blood from newborns and in serum from in-patient children, adolescents and adults. Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 32, 341-347 (1994). 

Thermosets A number of thermosets have been used as adhesives. Phenolic resins were used as adhesives by Leo Baekeland in the early 1900s. Phenolic resins are still used to bind together thin sheets of wood to make plywood. Urea resins have been used since 1930 as binders for wood chips in the manufacture of particle board. Unsaturated polyester resins are used for body repair and PUs are used to bond polyester cord to rubber in tires, and vinyl film to particle board, and to function as industrial sealants. Epoxy resins are used in the construction of automobiles and aircraft and as a component of plastic cement. 

Arrow is a slender shaft with a pointed head used as a missile which is propelled by releasing the tension of the string of a long bow. A bow consists of a strip of wood or other elastic material with a tension cord connecting both end. The bow and arrow constituted one of the earliest weapons. A later development of the long bow was the crossbow, also known as arbalest (qv). Eventually both were replaced by firearms... 

Former practice was to stoic pulpwood receipts in either a debarked or unbarked condition in stacks or random piles in the wood yard and to reclaim the yard wood for processing into chips just a few hours in advance of chip needs at the digester. A common practice today is to convert the wood into chips immediately after pulpwood receipt and to place the chips, usually by belt or air conveyance, in chip piles built up on concrete or asphalt pads. Separate piles are provided for softwood and hardwood chips, and storage capacities of 40,000 cords or greater can be maintained. 

Cord Measure of roundwood or pulpwood representing a stack of such wood 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft or 128 ft3. 

Natural materials can be found in many forms in museum collections. The items in this photograph include wool, cotton, wood, leather, dried plant materials, paints, and metal alloys. Rug/carpet kurdish mid-twentieth century wool on cotton, naturalpigments/dye. Basket Hopi piki-bread tray, wicker, early twentieth century. Kachina c. 1970 cottonwood root with water-based (poster) paint, fabric, wool, feathers, yarn, fur ruff, unsigned (cloth "cape is also painted). Books calfskin, marbled paper, gold. Baseball leather, linen cord, pen ink. Glove leather, metal (grommets). Gun wood, metal (brass, steel). 

The standard log length used in the Northeast is 48 in., whereas 63 in. is common in the South. Wood generally is measured by log volume, a standard cord being considered to contain 128 ft3. Large timber on the West Coast generally is measured in board feet of solid volume. Measurement and purchase of wood on a weight basis are practiced, and are desirable because weight is directly related to fiber content.1... 

Earthen pit kilns originally were used to produce charcoal. A circular mound-shaped pile of wood (15-45 cords) was built up with an open core 30-60 cm (1-2 ft) in diameter to serve as a flue. The entire surface of the pile, except for the top flue opening and several small openings around the bottom periphery, then was covered with dirt or sod sufficiently thick to exclude air. The mound was allowed to coal for 20-30 days to give the final product. 

Treblinka would have required 430 million pounds, or 195,000 metric tons, of air-dried (seasoned) wood. Due to the short notice and brief time that Himmler allegedly allotted for this process, such a large quantity of air-dried wood would certainly have been impossible to get, which is why only fresh ( green ) wood of lower calorific value would have been available. The calorific value of seasoned wood is 3,600 kcal/kg, whereas that of green wood is only 2,000 kcal/kg.113 Therefore the total required quantity of wood would have increased to 351,000 metric tons, and the daily requirement of green wood was thus approximately 1,900 metric tons. Assuming medium-sized trees of 1 cord volume and 1,500 lbs., the total number of trees needed comes to roughly 515,000. 

To give an idea of how large a forest would need to be in order to supply such vast quantities of wood, let us assume a yield of 325 cord per acre, which for 515,000 trees would require a forest of 1,590 acres, or just short of 2.5 square miles. To put it more graphically, such a forest would have been 2.5 miles long and 1 mile wide. Is it really conceivable that the witnesses and the local residents could have failed to notice such a large deforested area The site would still be apparent today. 

Lindahl, B., Finlay, R. Olsson, S. (2001). Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of P and P between wood blocks connected by mycelial cords of Hypholoma fasciculare. New Phytologist, 150, 189-94. 

Fig. 7.2. The structure of the translocation pathway in mycelial cords. (A) Hyphae fanning out at the distal end of a cord of Phanerochaete velutina (scanning electron microscopy by A. Yarwood) (B) Internal structure of a cord of Serpula lacrymans, showing vessels and cytoplasm-filled hyphae and extracellular matrix material. (C) Diagram of the components of the translocation pathway (adapted from Cairney, 1992) V, vessel hypha f, foraging front a, anastomosis (D) A cord system in beech woodland showing both corded mycelium and diffuse growth in contact with the wood substrate.

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