Withdrawal state cocaine

Pharmacological treatments were used by nearly half of the 149 services which offered any treatment, with a wide range of medications directed at various features of cocaine usage. Fluoxetine and desipramine were the most frequently prescribed antidepressants, with benzodiazepines used to aid sleep and reduce distress in withdrawal states. Sedative antipsychotics were used, apparently in states of severe agitation as well as more directly for psychotic complications. 

Anticonvulsants such as valproate and CBZ are effective mood-stabilizing agents and may be useful in withdrawal states from alcohol, BZDs, and cocaine... 

Naloxone may precipitate a severe withdrawal state in abusers of opioid analgesics with symptoms starting in less than 15-30 minutes Methadone alleviates most of the symptoms of heroin withdrawal A young male patient is brought to the emergency room of a hospital suffering from an overdose of cocaine following intravenous administration. His symptoms are unlikely to include... 

There are no proven pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine or amphetamine dependence. Disulfiram, however, shows some promise in randomized controlled trials for treating cocaine dependence at doses of 250 mg daily, especially in combination with CBT.45 Its mechanism of action for treating cocaine dependence is not known, but may be due to its inhibition of the dopamine P-hydroxylase enzyme that converts DA to NE in the brain. The resulting increase in DA levels may counter the DA-deficient state that is believed to underlie cocaine withdrawal and craving. 

Auditory unformed tinnitns, whistles formed voices, often insulting or accusatory - benzodiazepine withdrawal - cocaine, amphetamine, alcoholic hallucinosis, drug induced deliria and psychotic states... 

So the paranoid psychosis produced by cocaine and amphetamine overdose is properh called stimulant psychosis. By the late 1960s, the word was out on the street— Speed kills What was referred to in this slogan was not just death by overdose. Amphetamine overdose deaths did occur, but they were relatively rare. Far more common was the development of a paranoid state that often led to acts of violence. In addition, after a long binge of amphetamine abuse, the user may crash (sleep for an extended period) and then awaken deeply depressed. The depression could last for days and is now recognized as a common withdrawal symptom after hca%7 use of either amphetamine or cocaine. The depression often leads the user back to drugs to try to get up again, and the cycle is repeated. Eventually the user s physical and mental health deteriorates badly unless he or she can break out of the cycle. 

Cocaine (281) when sniffed or injected gives rise to a state of euphoria often followed by paranoid delusions. Although there are no withdrawal symptoms, as it does not cause physical dependence, it probably does more harm to brain and body than any other drug (282). There is a good case for its total prohibition, as it no longer serves any essential medical purpose, and, unlike heroin, there is no readily available natural source from which it may be manufactured. 

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