Window frame design

In the ceU-to-frame or window frame design shown in Figure 11.1b, the cell is smaller than the interconnect plate, contains no holes, and is joined to an intermediary component (a metaUic window frame) that incorporates the necessary gas... 

Increase the blast-resistance capabilities of windows by replacing glass with polycarbonate or laminated safety glass and, where necessary, upgrading frame design and attachment to walls... 

Frame Loads. The window frame must develop the static design strength of the glass pane, r, given in Table II. Otherwise, the design is inconsistent with f rame assumptions, and the peak blast pressure capacity of the window assemblies will produce a failure rate in excess of the prescribed failure rate. This results... 

Distribution of these forces as loads acting on the window frame is shown in Figure 14. Table III presents the design coefficients, C, C, and C for practical aspect ratios of the window pane. Lfnea interpolation can be used for aspect ratios not presented. 

Figures 2 through 9 are design charts for ultraviolet stabilized polycarbonate under blast load. Charts are provided for pane thicknesses of 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, and 1 inch for pane areas up to 25 ft at pane aspect ratios (pane length to width ratios) of 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 4.00. The charts relate the peak experienced blast overpressure capacity, B, for convenient pane dimensions across the spectrum of encountered blast durations. Depending on the orientation of the window to the charge, the blast overpressure may either be incident or reflected. The pane dimensions (measured across the span from the gasket centerline) peak blast capacity at 1000 msec, B, static frame design pressure, r, and the required bite are printed to the right...

Applications for structural steel in blast resistant design include beams and columns for the support of vertical loads, braced and rigid frames for the support of vertical and horizontal loads, and specialized elements such as doors, window frames, decking, and protection for duct openings. For lower blast loads, steel siding can be used. 

The window chambers designed for the hamster, the diabetic desert Sand Rat (.Psammomys obesus), and the mouse consist of two titanium alloy frames, each having a 12 mm diameter circular opening fitted with a ring for attachment of the window or sensor array (Figure 4.3). The standard chamber plates for the mouse have the same size opening but are approximately 50% smaller in surface area. However, as... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is essentially a glassy (non-crystalline) polymer like PS. It is, however, tougher and when pigmented it can be used out-of-doors in exterior cladding, window frames, etc. where it is commonly designated UP VC ( unplasticised PVC ). This is a remarkably durable material in view of the known thermal- and photo-instability of PVC and this is achieved by the addition of substantial quantities of stabilisers (Chapter 3). The present trend is to incorporate fight stable impact modifiers based on saturated polyacrylates to increase toughness in the outdoor environment. 

Situational violations occur when particular job pressures at particular times make rule compliance difficult. They may happen when the correct equipment is not available or weather conditions are adverse. A common example is the use of a ladder rather than a scaffold for working at height to replace window frames in a building. Situational violations may be reduced by improving job design, the working environment and supervision. 

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