Wiley melting point

Wigglers Wijs reagent Wij s solution Wild cherry Wild Musk Wiley melting point... 

Fig. 3. Schematic process flow diagram for an imitation cheese product having the following formulation dry ingredients, calcium caseinate (or rennet casein), 24.5 wt % tapioca flour, 3.0 wt % salt, 2.16 wt % adipic acid, 0.6 wt % vitamins and minerals, 0.1 wt % sorbic acid (mold inhibitor), 0.5 wt % fat—color blend, soybean oil hydrogenated to a Wiley melting point of 36°C, 21.3 wt % lactylated monoglycerides, 0.05 wt % red-orange coloring, 0.01 wt...

The dropping point corresponds to a solid fat content of about 5% (Papalois et al., 1996), and corresponds closely to the softening point determined by the method of Barnicoat (1944) (Timms, 1978 deMan etal., 1983 Papalois et al., 1996). Barnicoat s method was developed for application to milk fat fractions as an alternative to the tedious Wiley melting point technique (Mertens, 1973). In Barnicoat s method, the softening point is taken as the temperature at which a steel ball bearing, initially on the surface of a column of the fat, sinks halfway through the column. In the Wiley method, historically favored in the US, but now an AOCS surplus official method (Firestone, 1998), the melting point is taken as the temperature at which a disc of initially solid fat located at the interface between a layer of water and an (upper) layer of 95% ethanol, becomes spherical. The Barnicoat method is still used in the chocolate industry (Minifie, 1999). 

Figure 19 (a) Peak melting temperature as a function of the branch content in ethylene-octene copolymers (labelled -O, and symbol —B (symbol, ) and -P (symbol, A) are for ethylene-butene and ethylene-propylene copolymers, respectively) and obtained from homogeneous metallocene catalysts show a linear profile, (b) Ziegler-Natta ethylene-octene copolymers do not show a linear relationship between peak melting point and branch content [125]. Reproduced from Kim and Phillips [125]. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Melting point J.D. Holbrey, R.D. Rogers, Melting Points and Phase Diagram, in P. Wasserscheid, T. Welton (Eds.), Ionic Liquids in Synthesis, Wiley VCH, Weinheim 2003, p. 41. 

Miller, R. L., Crystallographic data and melting points for various polymers, In Polymer Handbook, 4th Edn, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. VI42-VI43, 1999. 

Figure 1.71 The glass transition temperature, Tg, as a function of crystalline melting point, T , for homopolymers. Filled circles are addition homopolymers, open circles are elastomers, and crosses are condensation homopolymers. From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering. Copyright 1976 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Figure 4.6 Sketch explaining the increase in melting point with increase in chain rigidity.92 Reproduced by permission of John Wiley and Sons.

Melting points of polyesters and polyamides were taken from the Brandrup, J., Immergut, E. H., Polymer Handbook, Wiley, New York, 1967. The data do not represent true thermodynamic melting points but have been determined for polymers of unknown degree of crystallinity by methods such as differential thermal analysis, polarization microscopy, capillary tube, and others. Five conclusions can be drawn from the data. 

Widely used methods in the past were the Wiley mp in the US and the complete fusion in Europe but more recently, the AOCS method Cc 3-25 for the slip melting point (SMP), has been rapidly gaining acceptance, especially in international transactions. Unfortunately, although there is a broad correlation between the results of the various methods, there is no exact conversion equation valid for all oils, because each method measures a different point on the melting curve and the curves have different slopes. 

Students are directed to Chapter 8 in the first edition for comprehensive discussion. (See K. J. Klabunde, editor. Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, 1st edn. New York Wiley Interscience, 2001, pp. 263-277). In general, for free nanoparticles the melting point is always lower than the bulk value. Specific heats are generally enhanced as compared to the bulk. 

Figure 2 Typical phase diagrams of melting point against composition for (a-c) three types of racemic species, (a) racemic conglomerate, C, (b) racemic compound, R, (c) pseudoracemates, P (d-e) terminal solid solutions involving opposite enantiomers, (d) solid solution rich in an enantiomer, (e) solid solution rich in an enantiomer or rich in the racemic compound (f) a pair of diastereomers. (From Ref. 13. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley and Sons.)...

Fig. 5.12 Grain-boundary mobility of TZP and CSZ plotted versus reciprocal homologous temperature (Tm is the melting point) [3]. With kind permission of John Wiley and Sons...

Figure 2.5 Melting point of the reacting mass versus reaction time and operating temperature zone su ested for the anhydrous prepolymerization of polyamide salts [27] (reproduced with permission from Wiley).

Scheme 3 Preparation and transformation conditions of the three crystal forms of 4,4 -bipy/pimelic acid (tr.p., transition point m.p., melting point). (Reproduced from Ref. 99. Wiley-VCH, 2008.)...

Figure 4.6 Glass transition temperature (Tg),crystallizationpeaktemperature(Tc) and melting point (Tm) data versus composition for PAA/PA6 blends,-(b) Heat of fusion and heat of crystallization data for PAA/PA6 blends (reproduced (replotted) from Nishio.Y., Suzuki, H.and Morisaki, K.,Po/ym. Int. (1993), 31, p. 15, with permission by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. on behalf of the Society of Chemical Industry)...

Figure4.10 Melting point versus composition for polyaryletherketone blends (reprinted (replotted) from Harris, J. E. and Robeson, L. M.,J. Polym.Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. (1987) 25, p. 311) with permission by John Wiley Sons, Inc.)...

The table title reads Comparative table of the molecular weights, melting temperatures, viscosities, and solubilities of different poly(ethylene oxide) fractions . The results demonstrate the dependence of the melting point on chain length, a feature that is often used in pharmaceutical applications today. From [2]. Copyright Wiley-VCH. Reproduced with permission... 

FIGURE 3.6 Melting-point behavior of various enantiomeric pairs. Reprinted with permission from Eliel et al. [1], p. 160. John Wiley Sons. 

Figure 7.31 Composition dependence of interaction parameter X for a PMMA/PVDF pair at 187 C, which was obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (O) and melting point depression (A). (Reprinted from Wendorff, Journal of Polymer Science, Polymer Letter Edition 18 439. Copyright 1980, with permission from John Wiley Sons.)...

Melting Point—Wiley Method ( Cc 2-38) determines the temperature at which a sample disc of solidified fat assumes a spherical shape while suspended in a heating bath with an alcohol-water density gradient. 

Fig. 3.25. The spectrum of a cast film of predominately (>90%) rranj-1,4-polychloroprene polymerized at —20°C (spectrum a) is compared with the same sample heated to 80°C (above the melting point) for 15 min (spectrum b). The purified crystalline isomer spectrum (spectrum c) exhibits the sharp band structure expected for a regular crystalline array. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [81 ]. 1975 Wiley and Sons, Inc.)...

Figure 10.2 The melting point of (a) aluminum and (b) Pb, as a function of the radius of the nanoparticle. Based on data from D. Vollath in (2008) Nanomaterials - An Introduction to Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Ch. 3, Figures 3.7 and 3.9.

Amino acids have high melting or decomposition points and are best examined for purity by paper or thin layer chromatography. The spots are developed with ninhydrin. Customary methods for the purification of small quantities of amino acids obtained from natural sources (i.e. l-5g) are ion-exchange chromatography (see Chapter 1). For general treatment of amino acids see Greenstein and Winitz [The Amino Acids, Vols 1-3, J.Wiley Sons, New York 1961] and individual amino acids in Chapters 4 and 6. 

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