Wild seed

Supplier Grows wild. Seeds, MGH viable seeds, RCS. 

Fig. 8. S ed of Ctftntbit. At xtrome right, a seed still hooded by its bract is shown. (X6). At extreme left h the seed of a wild plant, and in the center, of a domesticated plant (both X9K Note that the wild seed is smaller, has an attenuated base, an obvious abscission zone at the base, and is covered with a marbled pepery material (perianth (Reprinted from Small, P/snt Sc/ence BuUbtin, vol. 35, 1975.1...

Abstract To date, European mussel culture has relied entirely on wild seed from suspended collectors or mussel beds. One problem faced by blue mussel producers is the unpredictability of seed supply, the amounts of wild seed available being extremely variable from year to year. A second problem is that recently spawned mussels cannot be sold due to insufficient meat. Hatcheries can complement wild seed supply. Hatcheries also allow triploid induction that produces non-maturing mussels. In this chapter, the different steps in hatchery production of mussel seed are described. A final section addresses future trends. 

One of the reasons why hatchery production of mussel seed is less developed than for other bivalves, such as oysters or scallops, is most probably the fact that demand for the industry has been limited until now and that very large-scale production is required to make hatchery seed competitive with wild seed. As a result, future developments of mussel seed supply will depend on the evolution of wild seed availability and demand from the mussel industry. 

Caraway Oil. Produced by steam distiUation of the cmshed ripe seeds of Carum carvi L., caraway oil finds extensive use in food flavors, alcohoHc Hqueurs, and cheeses. The smaU herb, which grows wild in many regions of the world, is extensively cultivated in the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, and parts of the former USSR. The Netherlands is the largest producer of the oil, which is offered commercially in two grades cmde or natural, and double-rectified or redistiUed. The former is the direct distiUate obtained from the fmits and is a pale yeUow-to-brownish mobile Hquid with a strong... 

The oil obtained at ibi period of malnriiy of the seeds hy distillation of the entire plant of the wild carrot of the Puy-de-DOme, bas been examined by Boure-lierlrand Fils. ... 

The Amazon rubber industry collapsed almost overnight. In 1876 the English botanist Henry Wickham shipped 70,000 Hevea seeds to the Royal Botanic Gardens in London. New strains of Hevea were developed that produced three to four times as much mbber and were more disease-resistant than their wild Amazonian cousins. Soon, seedlings were sent to Malaya, Java, and other islands of the East Indies. Thirty-five years later, rubber plantations on these islands took control of the industry. 

Seed germination. Tests for allelochemical Inhibition of wild mustard [Brasslca kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler var. plnnatlflda (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] seed germination were made according to the methods of Leather (3). Germination of white clover (Trlfollum... 

Seed germination. Germination of wild mustard seeds with a dormancy level of about 50 percent was stimulated after 10 days to... 

TABLE I. Effect of Ferullc (FA) and Benzoic (BA) Acids on the Germination of Wild Mustard Seeds... 

The germination stimulant or stimulants from host plants have not yet been identified, but research on isolation and identification of these allelopathic compounds continues. Other nonhost plants, such as cotton, also release chemicals which stimulate the germination of witchweed seed and these crops can replace the cereal crops in witchweed-infected fields. If no acceptable host is present, the witchweed plant is unable to mature and produce seed. The importance of cereal crops as a staple food in underdeveloped countries makes growth of nonhost crops only partially acceptable, and there are numerous wild hosts that allow the witchweed to germinate, mature, and produce more seed (several thousand seeds can be produced by a single plant). Nevertheless, application of either natural or synthetic stimulants in the absence of a host plant is an effective way of reducing and eventually eliminating the witchweed problem. 

Elderberries provide food for birds, bears, chipmunks, elk, moose, deer, foxes, rabbits, squirrels and woodchucks. Linnaeus said the berries were not good food for chickens and turkeys and might even be toxic to them. The fact that many wild animals relish the elderberries helps to proliferate this wonderful shrub, as the elder seeds are fertilized by animal droppings. 

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