White lines area changes

Figure 2.19 (a) Topographical and (b) current features on the surface of HOPG obtained from SECM-AFM, with the corresponding cross-sectional profile (c) and (d) along the line marked in (a) and (b), respectively. (e) Vertical deflection and (f) current response of the upper area of (a) and (b), and the numbers indicated are different support potentials, changing from the white line, (g) Simulation of SECM with a conical... 

FIGU RE 10.7 Image analysis (a) IMS-MS and (b) IMS-a-IMS-MS of (1) a blend of PEG (-2000 Da) and PPG (-2200 Da) with inset ( ) as well as (2) random copolymer of EO and PO (JEFFamine, -2000 Da) doped with cesium chloride with inset 2 ). Inset regions (F, 2 ) are indicated with dashed squares in (1, 2) note that the inset regions were taken from areas with the most prominent features and thus differ between (a) and (b). A white line is included to guide the eye for changes within insets of (a) and of (b), respectively. Charge state families for both samples of different polymeric materials are denoted as extracted from the mass spectra. For additional information refer to Trimpin, S. and Clemmer, D. E. Anal Chem. 2008, 80,9073-9083. (With permission.)... 

Figure 14.3 Temporal changes in fouling deposition for 200mgr bentonite filtration CFV of 15 + 0.2mm s flux of 75 I m h ). The hollow fibre membrane is visible as the dark area below the white line. He and Hfe indicate stagnant cake height and fluidised cake height, respectively.

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

Figure 29 X-ray maps of Mn, Ca, Fe/(Fe + Mg) ( FM ), Cr, and Sc in garnets from Fall Mountain, New Hampshire. White box indicates area of major element maps. Different generations of growth can be linked to prograde reaction history, to better understand mineralogical changes attending metamorphism and anatexis, and overall P-T evolution. Black line shows location of composition traverse plotted in Figure 30...

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