Wheat gluten content

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Friedman (21) studied the effect of pH on the amino acid composition of wheat gluten. At pH 10.6 and above (65 C, 3 hours) no cystine was present. LAL increased with pH above 10.6. Lysine decreased over the same range of pH s, while serine and threonine contents dropped sharply at pH 13.9. Friedman concluded that cystine is most sensitive to alkali and that LAL will form most readily if lysine residues are in proximity to the dehydroalanine formed from cystine. Thus, he explained that different steric considerations may explain the different susceptibilities of wheat gluten, casein, and lactalbumin to LAL formation. 

In many of my recipes, I try to include some whole wheat pastry flour, which is finely ground whole wheat with a lower gluten content than standard whole wheat flour, so it can be used in delicate recipes. Because the outer bran of the wheat is included, the flour contains more fiber, nutrients, and vitamins. However, in some recipes, you must use white flour or else the cake will be gummy and... 

Arrowhead Mills I love their whole wheat pastry flour, which is finely ground with more nutrients than classic all-purpose flour. It has a lower gluten content than standard whole wheat flour, which means it provides a finer texture and a lighter consistency for cakes and cookies. This company also sells all kinds of alternative flours, such as spelt, barley, and oat, which I use for baking experiments, www. ar rowheadmills. com... 

Immunoassays are extremely important in determination of the content of particular allergens in food, for example, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 allergens in peanuts (Hefle, 2006), tree nuts and seeds in food (Koppelman, 2006), dairy and egg allergens as residues in food (Demeulemester and Giovannacci, 2006), soy, fish, and crustaceans in food (Koppelman, 2006), wheat gluten in food (Janssen, 2006). 

Wheat starch is low in protein, ash and fiber, and contains no residual sulfites. Sulfur dioxide is detrimental to the viscoelastic character of wheat gluten and is not used in the commercial production of wheat starch.28,323 The protein content of ten samples of unmodified and modified wheat starches ranged from 0.06-0.22%.28 A 0.23% protein (0.0404% nitrogen) level in wheat starch essentially indicates a gluten-free starch, as confirmed by an enzyme immunoassay.324 That purity of wheat starch is important in diets for celiac individuals. Wheat starch-based, gluten-free flour products were not harmful in the treatment of celiac sprue and dermatitis herpetiformis,325 although traces of an immunoreactive gliadin can be found in wheat starch.326... 

Values of the total Se and selenomethionine content of four wheat-based CRMs were obtained by GC-stable ID MS methods [78], The data obtained indicate that the four wheat samples (wheat gluten, durum wheat, hard red spring wheat, and soft winter wheat), though having a 30-fold range in total Se content, all have about 45 percent of their total Se values in the form of selenomethionine. Additional experiments were required to verify that all selenomethionine in the wheat samples was accounted for [78]. 

It must be point out that wheat gluten is present as a network in dough, where it is intimately associated with other dough components. These interactions are still not completely understood, but there are reported correlations of breadmaking quality with polar lipid content, so lipids are potentially of great importance in modulating the functionaUty of the gluten proteins [39]. 

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