Wheat adulteration

Most of the applications of HPLC for protein analysis deal with the storage proteins in cereals (wheat, corn, rice, oat, barley) and beans (pea, soybeans). HPLC has proved useful for cultivar identihcation, protein separation, and characterization to detect adulterations (illegal addition of common wheat flour to durum wheat flour) [107]. Recently Losso et al. [146] have reported a rapid method for rice prolamin separation by perfusion chromatography on a RP POROS RH/2 column (UV detection at 230nm), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and molecular size determination by MALDl-MS. DuPont et al. [147] used a combination of RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE to determine the composition of wheat flour proteins previously fractionated by sequential extraction. 

PK McCarthy, BF Scanlon, IC Lumley, M Griffin. Detection and quantification of adulteration of durum wheat flour by flour from common wheat using reverse phase HPLC. J Sci Food Agric 50 211-226, 1990. 

Other applications involve detection of adulteration of dairy products with soy, pea, and wheat proteins (Haasnoot et al., 2001), presence of asrcasein in milk (the detection threshold for this protein was 0.87pg/mL) (Muller-Renaud et al., 2005), [3-casein in milk and cheese (Muller-Renard et al., 2004), and detection of peanut allergenic proteins (the detection threshold for this protein was 0.7 pg/mL) (Mohammed et al., 2001). 

He showed that bread made from poor wheat flour is improved if 20-40 grains of magnesia alba (basic carbonate) are added to i lb. of flour, that the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of air in a fever hospital are the same as those of outside good air, and that a temporarily hard water from a well near Cork is softened and made palatable by boiling. He invented a hydrometer (lactometer) for detecting the adulteration of skimmed milk with water in Cork, showed that the excrement of the boa-constrictor is almost entirely uric acid (see p. 73), and investigated the action of iodine on oil of turpentine and other essential oils, and showed that it has little or no action on fatty oils. ... 

Starch is not infrequently mentioned as an addition to paint, either as an adulterant or extender, or as a substrate for dyestuffs. It can be derived from various plant sources such as wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum), potato Solatium tuberosum) and rice (Oryza sativa). The so-called Paduan MS Ricetteper Far Ogni Sorte di Colore (late sixteenth or early seventeenth century/cf. and tr. Merrifield, 1849) describes the use of flour as a lake substrate 98. To make fine lake Take lime water in which brazil wood has been infused, and add it to the flour, so that it may become thick, and when the whole is well mixed, let the flour sink to the bottom, make it into a small loaf, dry it in an oven not too hot, then grind it up, and with lime water, make it into pellets, and let them dry in the shade. Carlyle (2001) found various mentions of starch used not directly as a pigment, but to gelatinise oil paint for example, she notes Field s comments that Indeed starch, as prepared by the laundress, has been lately recommended with high encomiums for this purpose (Field, 1841/cf. Carlyle, 2001). Bachhoffner, writing around that... 

Etienne Ossian-Henry (Paris 27 November 1798-24 August 1873), director of the laboratory of the Academy of Medicine in Paris, published on the analyses of mineral waters, adulteration of wheat flour with potato starch, nitrogenous organic substances, the analysis of a biliary calculus free from cholesterin, and many papers of pharmaceutical interest. His a ysis of jalap showed that it contained resin, extract, starch, and woody fibre he also analyst horse-chesnut bark, which had been piopos as a substitute for quinine. 

Here, we report whether wheat seedlings growing in liquid culture adulterated with AFB can exhibit cultivar dependent differences in both organ dimensions and Zn++ uptake/distribution. Such studies are important because aflatoxin-contaminated crops have been ploughed under from time to time and certain seedlings can take-up aflatoxins from soils (Mertz et al., 1980). In addition, Zn++, which can be a soil pollutant, is accumulated by some plants, e.g., Agrostis tenuis (Turner, 1970 Turner and Marshall, 1971) and Silene maritma (Baker, 1978). 

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