Well completion environmental concerns

Waste Treatment. Environmental concerns have increased the need to treat Hquid discharges from all types of industrial processes, as well as mnoffs where toxic substances appear as a result of leaks or following solubilization (see Wastes, industrial). One method of treatment consists of an ion-exchange system to remove the objectionable components only. Another involves complete or partial elimination of Hquid discharges by recycling streams within the plant. This method is unacceptable unless a cycHc increase in the impurities is eliminated by removing all constituents prior to recycling. 

Based on the observations of reproductive toxicity (including endocrine disruption) in wildlife and domestic animals, as well as ongoing concerns about reproductive dysgenesis in human populations and the observed effects of industrial accidents involving MIC and dioxins, there has been increasing interest in the effects of prenatal exposures of humans to suspected endocrine disrupters and other reproductive toxicants. However, when impaired reproductive function is discovered in adults, it is difficult to comment with complete certainty on the relative contributions of prenatal versus postnatal exposures to reproductive toxicants. There is a wide array of pesticides and other organic environmental... 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. Vanadium levels in environmental media are reasonably well documented although more recent information would enable a more accurate assessment of potential exposure levels (Byerrum et al. 1974 Byrne and Kosta 1978 Van Zinderen Bakker and Jaworski 1980 Waters 1977 WHO 1988 Zoller et al. 1973). Current information on emission levels from the combustion of residual fuel oil would enable a more complete picture of populations potentially exposed to higher than background ambient air levels. Further studies on the levels and forms of vanadium found in food would be helpful in narrowing the range of values observed. This would allow a better estimation of dietary exposure. Moreover, information concerning levels found in environmental media in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites would be particularly useful. 

An EIA should (a) describe the proposed action, as well as alternatives (b) estimate the nature and magnitudes of the likely enviromnental changes (c) identify the relevant hiunan concerns (d) estimate the significance of the predicted environmental changes (estimate the impacts of the proposed action) (e) make recommendations for either acceptance of the project, remedial action, acceptance of one or more alternatives, or rejection (f) make recommendations for inspection procedures to be followed after the action has been completed. An EIA should contain three subsections relating to environmental effects (Fig. 1), as follows [3-10,63-65] ... 

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