Wear behavior

Graham, D., Wear Behavior of TiB2 and Boron Coated Cemented Carbides, Carbide ToolJ., 18(5)35-43 (Sept./Oct. 1986)... 

Dimigen, H. and Klages, C. R, Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Metal-containing Diamond-like Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol, Vol. A9,1991,pp. 543-547. 

The microscale friction and wear behavior of thin film of gold (Au) which was prepared in a vacuum sputtering apparatus was investigated. The substrate is Si(lOO) wafer. The film thickness is about 800 nm. For comparison, the microscale friction and wear of the substrate was also studied. 

Delplancke-Ogletree, M. P. and Monteiro, O. R., Wear Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon/Metal Carbide Multilayers," Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 108-109, 1998, pp. 484-488. 

Considering the wear behavior of a-C H films, it was reported that wear does not depend so strongly on film hardness as could be expected [95]. Wear behavior of a-C H also depends on other factors, like the nature of the transfer layer—the layer modified by the wear process—and on the chemical reactions carried out by the ambient atmosphere. So, it could be expected that despite the strong drop in hardness, a-C(N) H films could have good wear properties. However, the few results reported on a-C(N) H films did not show an optimist wear performance for this material. 

Dekempeneer et al. [96] studied the wear behavior of a-C(N) H films deposited by RFPECVD in CH4-N2 atmospheres, with up to 13-at.% N. The wear tests were done in a ball-on-disk tribometer, under air, at fixed 50% relative humidity. The initial friction coefficient was about 0.2 for all samples, and the wear life of the... 

One of the most significant problem with polymeric composites is their lack of durability that leads to rapid wear, discoloration, and eventually, failure [31,47, 55-60]. Unfortunately, current methods of evaluating wear in vitro do not accurately predict the in vivo wear behavior, but they are useful in comparing materials within the same type or class. 

This chapter is meant to be an overview of ongoing studies of polysiloxane-modified epoxy resins. Because this research area is still quite young, it is not yet possible to write a standard review article. Presented here is the current status of a collaborative effort encompassing chemistry and synthesis of the modified networks, their morphology, their mechanical properties, and their friction and wear behavior. The earliest work in the synthesis and characterization of siloxane-modified networks was done by Riffle et al. 15). More recent research in the area of chemistry and synthesis has been carried out by Tran 17). 

Fretting wear is observed in systems where two surfaces perform an oscillatory relative sliding with small amplitude (= fretting). This is often due to vibrations. In principle the same wear behavior as for normal sliding, should occur. However, wear particles tend to remain within the immediate contact region where they can act as an abrasive and lead to increased wear. 

Dogan, C.P. and Hawk, J.A. Influence of whisker reinforcement on the abrasive wear behavior of silicon nitride- and alumina-based composites , Wear, 203-204 (1997) 267-277. 

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is particularly suited for surface analysis (depth 0.5-1 nm). AES depth profile analysis was employed to determine the thickness and composition of surface reaction layers formed under test conditions in the Reichert wear apparatus in the presence of four different ZDDPs additives at different applied loads (Schumacher et al., 1980). Using elemental sensitivity factors the concentration of the four elements (S, P, O, C) was determined at three locations corresponding to a depth of 1.8, 4.3, and 17 nm. No significant correlation between wear behavior and carbon or oxygen content of the reaction layer was observed. A steady state sulfur concentration is reached after a very short friction path. Contrary to the behavior of sulfur, phosphorus concentration in the presence of ZDDPs increases steadily with friction path, and no plateau value is reached. 

Erdemir, A., Kovalchenko, A., McNallan, M.J., Weltz, S., Lee, A., and Gogotsi, Y. Effects of high-temperature hydrogenation treatment on sliding friction and wear behavior of carbide-derived carbon films. Surf. Coat. Technol. 188-189, 2004 588-593. 

C. R. Blanchard and R. A. Page, Effect of Silicon Carbide Whisker and Titanium Carbide Particulate Additions on the Friction and Wear Behavior of Silicon Nitride, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73[11], 3442-3452 (1990). 

Profilometer measurements of the impacted specimens revealed general distortion of the film in and around the region of impact. By profilo-metric measurements on both sides of the film, the amount of wear in the contact zone was estimated. This technique provided a comparison of wear behavior to within 15 or 20 /mi. In several cases the experiments were continued until the film was worn through. In such cases the number of impacts to failure also provided a means of comparing wear behavior. In terms of these techniques it was found that the poly (vinyl fluoride) had the best wear resistance, followed by the polyimide. For example, tests conducted with the larger hammer indicated that for the same thickness, the poly (vinyl fluoride) had approximately one-half the depth rate of wear exhibited by the polyimide. 

Since several different wear characteristics were noted for the materials tested (e.g.y charring, flow, and brittle behavior), it can be inferred that there is no unique mechanism associated with impact wear of polymer thin films. Further, because of this aspect and the probability that the same mechanisms do not occur under impact testing conditions (Charpy and Izod), it is reasonable to infer that there is little correlation between impact wear resistance and impact strength. This latter point may be illustrated by considering polycarbonate. Even though it has the highest impact strength of any unfilled polymer (4), it exhibits the poorest wear behavior in this study. 

Wang H, Lu Q, Ye C, et al. Friction and wear behaviors of ionic liquid of alkylimidazolium hexafluorophosphates as lubricants for steel/steel contact. Wear. 2004. 256, 44-48. 

Mathematical structure-property relations have yet to be developed that tie molecular level information to a prediction of friction and wear behavior. Current theories focus on idealized structures and interfacial interactions that are rarely realized in practice. Thus, statistical representations of the surface topography and interfacial forces need to be integrated with nanotribological measurements to develop more widely applicable and predictive tools. 

This section adds information on the influence of filler on the wear behavior of... 

Mu ZG, Zhou F, Zhang SX et al (2005) Effect of the functional groups in ionic liquid molecules on the friction and wear behavior of aluminum alloy in lubricated aluminum-on-steel contact. Tribol Int 38 725-731... 

Jia ZF, Xia YQ, Li JL et al (2010) Friction and wear behavior of diamond-fike carbon coating on plasma nitrided nrild steel under boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 43 474-482... 

Figure 13-4. Types of wear behavior for pins against Stellite rings rubbing speed 68.5 cm/s lubricant hexadecane. (a) Aluminum pin, load 9.6 N. (b) 60/40 Brass pin, load 7.35 N. (c) Bronze pin, load 12.25 N. Data by Hirst and Lancaster [6].

---