Wave Spectra

Interstellar molecules detected by their radiofrequency, microwave or millimetre wave spectra... 

A model which takes into account the spin-rotation interaction has been found to satisfactorily explain the 0 rotation band of PHg. The millimetre-wave spectra of HCP and DCP have been compared with those of HCN and DCN. A method of estimating frequencies of bands in this region due to processes such as pseudorotation has been suggested. This new approach involves calculation of the rovibronic energy levels from the effects of quantum-mechanical tunnelling. ... 

We have now to go one step further and to build stellar evolution models where the transport of angular momentum will be followed self-consistently under the action of meridional circulation, shear turbulence, and internal gravity waves. In this path some important aspects still need to be clarified Can we better describe the excitation mechanisms and evaluate in a more reliable way the quantitative properties of the wave spectra What is the direct contribution of 1GW to the transport of chemicals, especially in the dynamical shear layer produced just below the convective envelope by the wave-mean flow interaction What is the influence of the Coriolis force on IGW How do 1GW interact with a magnetic field Work is in progress in this direction. 

The molecular data obtained from the infra-red spectra (see Table 1) are in good agreement with the results from micro-wave spectra >29). 

Applications to Biological Samples. - Methods of distance measurements were compared for four doubly spin-labelled derivatives of human carbonic anhydrase.53 The distances between the spin labels were obtained from continuous wave spectra by analysis of the relative intensity of the half-field transition, Fourier deconvolution of the line-shape broadening, and computer simulation of line-shape changes. For variants with interspin distances greater than 18 A, the DEER method also was used. For each variant, at least two methods were applicable and reasonable agreement between distances obtained by different methods was obtained. The useful distance ranges for the techniques employed at X-band with natural isotope abundance spin labels were estimated to be half-field transition (5-10 A), line-shape simulation (up to 15 A), Fourier deconvolution (8 - 20 A), and four-pulse DEER (> 18 A).53... 

R. L. Brown, L. Burnelle, M. A. A. Clyne, F. Kaufman and J. C. Polanyi have provided us with the results of their researches prior to publication. F. Kaufman and H. I. Schiff have aided with comments on parts of this paper. F. R. Gilmore, M. A. A. Clyne, E. A. Ogryzlo and B. A. Thrush have kindly provided figures. Professor Polanyi, the Chemical Kinetics Information Center (NBS), the Micro-wave Spectra Data Center (NBS) and the Diatomic Molecule Spectra and Energy Level Center (NBS) have supplied us with an abundance of reference material. The organization of the bibliography, tabular material and the typescript has been done by Mrs. M. C. Peter. To all of these we express our appreciation. 

Figure 11. Raman spectra of biomolecules excited by the evanescent wave. (Spectra of the quartz plate and the various solvents not subtracted).

Nitric oxide, NO, is a chemically stable molecule and not surprisingly has been studied extensively by a range of techniques. Its microwave and far-infrared laser magnetic resonance spectra are discussed in chapter 9. These involve an understanding of both the zero-field levels and also the interactions with an external magnetic field. The pure microwave and millimetre wave spectra are described in chapter 10, but they provide information, which we will use, relevant to the radiofrequency electric resonance spectrum described in this section. 

Structural data so far obtained from X-ray analyses, electron diffractions, micro-wave spectra, NMR-coupling constants etc. are also mentioned. 

Answer The spectrometer was sweeping the magnetic field to find a lock signal, so the resonant frequencies were changing rapidly during the collection of the FID. One observes the same ringing pattern when continuous wave spectra are swept too fast. If one tries to collect several transients under these conditions, one obtains many copies of the spectrum superimposed at different frequencies. The field sweep can be turned off if a lock is not going to be used. 

The structures of cis and trans-1,2-difluorocyclopropane obtained from their micro-wave spectra are in general agreement with theoretical studies ... 

There have been no measurements reported for HBO which provide direct experimental information on its structure. However, the millimeter-wave spectra of the related species HBS (14) have been observed. These results show that this molecule is linear and has a B S bond length which is 0.01 A less than that for BS (1). We assume a similar decrease in r (B 0) for the HBO-BO pair,... 

Empirical Wave Spectra The energy spectrum of the immature wind sea state (which is the matter in the Baltic Sea at wind speeds of more than 16 kn) is admittedly described by the JONSWAP spectrum (Hasselmann et al.,). 

Houmh, O. G,, Overvik, T, 1976. Parametrization of Wave Spectra and Long Term Joint Distribution of Wave Height and Period, Proceedings, First International Conference on Behaviour of Offshore Structures (BOSS), Trondheim. 

By far the most widely employed models for turbulent reactive flows in stirred tanks are based on the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equation. This is a moment equation containing quantities that are averaged over the whole wave spectra, as explained in sect 1.2.7. 

We hope that the studies summarized above will motivate time-resolved interference experiments on Jahn-Teller systems. Half-odd quantum numbers for molecular pseudorotation have been reported in the continuous wave spectra of Na, [47], benzene [48] and sym-triazine [44]. The half-odd quantum numbers are strong evidence for the presence of geometric phase factors. Benzene and sym-triazine have nondegenerate ground states and would therefore be the most obvious choices for phase sensitive measurements of the kind we propose. The 3s E Rydberg state of 5ym-triazine has the simplifying feature of exhibiting Jahn-Teller... 

Fig. 1. Research catamaran during 1997 Coastal Ocean Processes experiment. The catamaran is shown here after deployment from R/V Oceanus in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The platform is manoeuvred autonomously and is controlled remotely from the ship. During this experiment, the catamaran was equipped to measure long and short wave spectra, sub-surface turbulence, chemical enrichment, and various meteorological parameters. A system to measure vertical profiles of dimethylsulfide above the ocean surface was also incorporated into the catamaran measurement suite...

Bock EJ (1987) On ripple dynamics I. Microcomputer-aided measurements of ripple propagation. J Colloid Interface Sci 119 326-334 Bock EJ, Hara T (1995) Optical measurements of capillary-gravity wave spectra using a scanning laser slope gauge. J Atmos Oceanic Tech 12 395-403 Bock EJ, Mann JA (1989) On ripple dynamics II. A corrected dispersion relation for surface waves in the presence of surface elasticity. J Colloid Interface Sci 129 501-505... 

Braun N, Gade M, Lange PA (2002) The effect of artificial rain on wave spectra and multi-polarisation X band radar backscatter. Int J Remote Sensing 23 4305-4322... 

Alpers W, Hasselmann K (1978) The two-frequency microwave technique for measuring ocean wave spectra from an airplane or satellite. Bound Layer Me-teorol 13 215-230... 

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