Electrical resonance

Ui is the intrinsic delocalized (resonance) electrical effect parameter it represents the delocalized electrical effect in a system with no electronic demand. 

Accordingly, values obtained for model or small molecules are appropriately applied to analogous polymeric materials. This does not apply in cases where the polymeric nature of the material plays an additional role in the conductance of electric charges, as is the case for whole chain resonance electric conductance. 

Variation in the delocalization (resonance) electrical effect of a -bonded substituent X or active site Y attached to a -bonded skeletal group, G. This results from twisting around the X—G or Y—G bond as a result of steric effects exerted by an adjacent group. 

Figure 3.5 Equivalent-circuit models to describe the near-resonant electrical characteristics of the resonator (a) distributed model (b) lumped-element model. (Reprinted with permission. See Refs. [7 14J. (a) 1994 American Institute of Physics and (b) 1993 American Chemical Society.)...

TSM resonator electrical characteristics are typically described in terms of electrical admittance, defined as the ratio of current flow to applied voltage (the reciprocal of impedance). The total TSM resonator admittance can be determined from inspection of the equivalent circuit model ... 

The equivalent circuit model of Figure 3.7 can be used to describe the near-resonant electrical characteristics of the quartz resonator coated by a viscoelastic film. The surface film causes an increase in the motional impedance, denoted by the complex element Zg. From Equation 3.19, this element is proportional to the ratio of the surface mechanical impedance Zj contributed by the film to the characteristic shear wave impedance Zq of the quartz. 

There are two types of SERS mechanisms, which are responsible for the observation of the SERS enhancement [8] one type is the long-range EM effect and the other is the short-range CHEM effect. The EM effect is believed to be the result of localized surface plasmon resonance electric fields (hot spot) set up onto the roughened metallic surfaces [9, 10, 31]. The probe molecules residing within these hot spots will be strongly excited and subsequently emit amplified Raman... 

The intrinsic delocalized (resonance) electrical-effect parameter. It represents the delocalized electrical effect in a system with zero electronic demand, ffe The electronic demand sensitivity parameter. It adjusts the delocalized effect of a group to meet the electronic demand of the system, ffp A composite delocalized electrical-effect parameter which is a function of and (Tj.Examples of Cd constants are the o-r and % constants.The o-r i constants, where k designates the value of the electronic demand q, are also examples of [Pg.435]

Mikac U, Demsar A, Demsar F, et al. A study of tablet dissolution by magnetic resonance electric current density imaging. J Magn Reson 2007 185(1) 103-109. 

Once the summation over virtual photon wave-vectors and polarizations in Eq. (5.10) is performed, the result can be cast in terms of a retarded resonance electric dipole-electric dipole interaction tensor V, (a>, R) (Power and Thirunamachandran 1983 Andrews and Sherborne 1987), using the identity... 

Having defined the short- and long-range limits, it is now possible to examine the general behavior of the rate equations for synergistic photoabsorption within these regions. In the near-zone, since the limiting (static) form of the complex retarded resonance electric dipole-electric dipole... 

Profile of the rate of resonance-resonance electric dipole transitions... 

Automatic tuning can be substituted for manual firequency variation. Instruments employing such frequency modulated signals have been in use for many years for measuring thickness by ultrasonic resonance. This resonance electric equipment usually does not provide a linear amplitude vs frequency readout and is therefore only suitable for the detection of resonance peaks in spectra. 

Nanoparticles have been widely used in optical, resonant, electrical, and magnetic fields. The small size effect, large surface effect, and quantum tunnel effect demonstrate the unique properties of nanoparticles. It is necessary to study the techniques of nanoparticle preparation to meet the developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials. In this section, we describe work carried out in our laboratory on the syntheses of several nanoparticles and nanocomposites and the study of their properties. 

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