Water solubility of alcohol

Table 22.3 compares two physical properties, boiling point and water solubility, of alcohols, ethers, and alkanes of similar molar masses. Notice that—... 

Addition of cosolute can either increase or decrease the CMC, depending on the polarity of the molecules. Highly water soluble cosolutes tend to increase the CMC, since the solubility of surfactant molecules is enhanced. On the other hand, alcohols are less polar than water and are distributed between the aqueous phase and micelles. The water solubility of alcohols determines whether they are predominantly solubilized in micelles or in the aqueous phase. Medium chain length alcohols tend to be solubilized within micelles and thus increase p and lower the CMC for both ionic and nonionic surfactants. In contrast, short chain alcohols are water soluble and can either increase or decrease the CMC. 

Hydrogen bonding raises the boiling points and water solubilities of alcohols... 

Carboxylic adds react with alcohols to form esters. The reaction is catalysed by the presence of acid and the equilibrium is driven to the right by the removal of water. Esters formed with many otgairic adds are much less water soluble than the parent alcohol and add. However, esters formed between alcohols and inorgairic adds such as phosphate or sulphate or with dicarboxylic adds such as succinic add are often used in order to increase the water solubility of alcohols. Inorgairic esters such as phosphate and particularly sulphate are more susceptible to hydrolysis than those... 

In situ" derivatization of water soluble epoxy-alcohol... 

Higher alcohols become more hydrocarbon like and less water soluble 1 Octanol for example dissolves to the extent of only 1 mL m 2000 mL of water As the alkyl chain gets longer the hydrophobic effect (Section 2 17) becomes more important to the point that It more than hydrogen bonding governs the solubility of alcohols... 

Cimetidine. This agent, also known as Tagamet [51481-61-9] C qH N S (1) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water, very slightly soluble in chloroform, and insoluble in ether. The hydrochloride is freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, very slightly soluble in chloroform, and practically insoluble in ether. The method of preparation of cimetidine is available (2). 

Fig. 4. Water solubility of poly(viayl alcohol) grades, where A represents 78—81 mol % hydrolyzed, DP = 2000-2100 B, 87—89 mol % hydrolyzed,...

Ethylene oxide is a highly active intermediate. It reacts with all compounds that have a labile hydrogen such as water, alcohols, organic acids, and amines. The epoxide ring opens, and a new compound with a hydroxyethyl group is produced. The addition of a hydroxyethyl group increases the water solubility of the resulting compound. Eurther reaction of ethylene oxide produces polyethylene oxide derivatives with increased water solubility. 

An alternative to traditional chemicals is the use of VCI materials, such as Boiler Lizard from the Cortec Corporation. This product is a VCI powder contained in an inner, water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bag and outer wrapping. The wrapping is removed, the inner lining slit open, and the bag left in a suitable place within... 

The emulsifier aminomethyl propanol serves several purposes in hairspray. It acts as a buffering agent, controlling the acidity of the mixture to make it neutral ( pH balanced ). It also helps keep the polymers mixed with the water and alcohol, and controls the water solubility of the final mist, giving it the needed humidity resistance. It also helps to form the polymers into a gel. 

TABLE 5 Water Solubility of Calcium Alcohol Sulfates... 

It is poorly soluble in acetone, 2-butanone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and DMF, and insoluble in alcohols, petroleum ether, and diethyl ether. The partition coefficients of a number of solutes between PCL and water have been measured and correlated with octanol-water partition coefficients (Fig. 9) (58,59). The linear correlation (Eq. 2) when combined with the water solubility of the solutes serves as a method of estimating the solubility of drugs in PCL from first principles. ... 

The solubility of alcohols in water gradually decreases as the hydrocarbon portion of the molecule lengthens. 

Cast with water soluble polymer from an aqueous solution. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a suitable inert matrix for supporting bilayer membranes [37], Water solubility of the films composed with poly(vinyl alcohol) can be lowered by coating with celluloseacetate [38] and closs-linking of polymer [39]. 

Elixirs are clear oral solutions in which the vehicle is a hydroalcoholic mixture containing potent or nauseating drugs. Elixirs are pleasantly flavored and attractively colored. The presence of hydroalcoholic vehicle in an elixir makes it possible to include both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble substances in solution. In comparison to syrups, elixirs are less sweet and less viscous because of lower sugar content. From the manufacturing aspects and from the stability standpoint, elixirs are favored over syrups. 

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