Soft Waters

Tubercles are mounds of corrosion product and deposit that cap localized regions of metal loss. Tubercles can choke pipes, leading to diminished flow and increased pumping costs (Fig. 3.1). Tubercles form on steel and cast iron when surfaces are exposed to oxygenated waters. Soft waters with high bicarbonate alkalinity stimulate tubercle formation, as do high concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and other aggressive anions. 

Joints in copper components may be a source of trouble. Copper/zinc brazing alloys may dezincify and consequently give rise to leaks . In some waters, soft solders are preferentially attacked unless in a proper capillary joint. Copper/phosphorus, copper/silver/phosphorus, and silver brazing alloys are normally satisfactory jointing materials. Excessive corrosion of copper is sometimes produced by condensates containing dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Rather severe corrosion sometimes occurs on the fire side of fire-back boilers and on electric heater element sheaths under scales deposited from hard waters . 

The laboratory is also involved in quahty assessment, such as participation in an external quahty- control scheme (inter-laboratory comparison). Here, a variety of analytes in matrices such as hard water, soft water, and sludge are circulated to laboratories and the returned results are processed in a codified format so that each participating laboratory can only identify its own values. 

Suspend each dose of cellulose sodium phosphate (CSP) powder in glass of water, soft drink, or fruit juice... 

The types of media extrapolations routinely required and used in risk assessments include air-water, air-soil, water-sediment, and groundwater-soil. Matrix extrapolations include saltwater-freshwater, hard water-soft water, river-lake-stream-pond, and soil type adjustments. There are, in fact, a large number of different extrapolations possible, each with its own unique problems to be taken into account. 

The sodium ions in the washing soda behave as spectator ions, leaving the water soft. 

This is a process by which ions that are dissolved in water are transferred to, and held by, a solid material or exchange resin. It is a process commonly used for softening water. When water containing dissolved cations associated with hardness (e.g., Ca, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+), as well as heavy metal or radioactive cations, contacts the resin, the cations are exchanged for the loosely held sodium ions on the resin. The process makes the water soft. ... 

AQUA PLUVIALIS - is Rain-water, Soft-water. 

Juices and nectars Natural mineral water Soft drinks Council Directive 2001/112/EC of 20.12.2001 [1] Council Directive 80/777/EEC of 15.06.1980 [8] No harmonised food law within EU... 

Rapid, simple, good under water, soft underlayers may damp vibrations, hard to penetrate overlayers... 

Waste water Soft drinks Soil matrices Incinerator ashes Pure metals ... 

Fig. 8.13 Schematic representation of normal micelle (M) in water, soft-core reverse micelle (RM) and hard-core reverse micelle (RM) in hydrocarbon formulation AAAA/0, detergent molecule [92]...

Ethylene Glycol Methyl Ether Sodium Tripolyphosphate Sodium Xylene Sulfonate Mazu DF 210 SX Water (soft)... 

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