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Water reduction opportunities

Water Use in the Manufacture of Speciality Chemicals (EG105), a benchmarking study to help companies identify water reduction opportunities,... [Pg.22]

Used in a rinse system, agitation can improve rinsing efficiencies dramatically.[6] This can result in lower rinse water volumes and open the door to further source reduction opportunities. The agitation is introduced at the bottom of the rinse tank through an H-shaped set of pipes (sometimes called a sparger) drilled with sufficient holes to create considerable turbulence. It is this turbulence which enhances process solution removal and enables less water to do more work. Care should be taken to use only clean air, but small diaphragm compressors (< 60) are often sufficient when equipped with a ball valve for throttling the flow. [Pg.213]

Corrosivity of the water has a direct influence on erosion-corrosion susceptibility. Opportunities for reduction of corrosivity are often limited, but the following are offered as guidelines ... [Pg.250]

Site Size Most MF processes require a smaller footprint than competing processes. Reduction in total-area requirements are sometimes a decisive economic advantage for MF. It may be apparent that the floor-space costs in a pharmaceutical facility are high, but municipal facilities for water and sewage treatment are often located on expensive real estate, giving MF an opportunity despite its higher costs otherwise. [Pg.57]

It is evident from Fig. 4.11 that the existence of central reusable water storage allows the time constraints to be overridden, thereby providing an opportunity for reuse from operation A to operations C and E. This is the main reason for the significant reduction in freshwater requirement. Scenario 1, which is similar to scenario 3 without the presence of reusable water storage, resulted in 25% instead of 45.53% freshwater reduction. It is worth noting that the solution suggests a smaller... [Pg.92]

A mathematical formulation based on uneven discretization of the time horizon for the reduction of freshwater utilization and wastewater production in batch processes has been developed. The formulation, which is founded on the exploitation of water reuse and recycle opportunities within one or more processes with a common single contaminant, is applicable to both multipurpose and multiproduct batch facilities. The main advantages of the formulation are its ability to capture the essence of time with relative exactness, adaptability to various performance indices (objective functions) and its structure that renders it solvable within a reasonable CPU time. Capturing the essence of time sets this formulation apart from most published methods in the field of batch process integration. The latter are based on the assumption that scheduling of the entire process is known a priori, thereby specifying the start and/or end times for the operations of interest. This assumption is not necessary in the model presented in this chapter, since water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored within a broader scheduling framework. In this instance, only duration rather start/end time is necessary. Moreover, the removal of this assumption allows problem analysis to be performed over an unlimited time horizon. The specification of start and end times invariably sets limitations on the time horizon over which water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored. In the four scenarios explored in... [Pg.97]

Intramuscular Route. The IM route is frequently used for drugs dissolved in oily vehicles or for those in a microcrystalline formulation that are poorly soluble in water (e.g., procaine or penicillin G). Advantages include rapid absorption (often in under 30 min), the opportunity to inject a relatively large amount of solution, and a reduction in pain and local irritation compared with SC injections. Potential comphcations include infections and nerve damage. The latter usually results from the choice of an incorrect site for injection. [Pg.452]


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Water reduction

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