Water purification optimization

The expected contribution of catalysis in this area will derive both from the availability, at low processing costs, of new monomers obtained from biomasses and from the development of an optimized combination of biotechnology processes with classical and new biocatalytic processes. Research priorities for catalysis in the area of polymers from renewable materials for packaging, furniture, domestic water purification and recycling include the need to develop novel catalysts, e.g., for functionalization of polymeric and dendrimeric materials, with side-chain photoactive molecular switches (to be used as smart materials), or the development of multifunctional materials, combining, for example, nanofiltration with catalytic reactivity. 

These examples are presented not only to demonstrate the wide-spread application of microflotation in water purification. It is apparent that optimal technical design (selection of microflotation version and process parameters, such as volume fraction and size of bubbles, hydrodynamic conditions in flotation aggregates, etc.) strongly depends on properties of water which vary over a wide range depending on the plant contaminating the water. Even for one and the same plant waste water varies because of changing conditions of the production... 

The principal advantages of this type of cyclic system with transient operating techniques are apparent in bioprocesses whose maximum productivity is in a transient region. The products of secondary metabolism (Pirt, 1974) are a typical example of this group of processes. Another group consists of processes whose optimal operation requires an optimal substrate concentration— biomass production with bakers yeast, for example (Aiba et al., 1976)—or where the process is subject to substrate inhibition. An important area of application for this is in biological waste water purification. These periodic modes of operation generally show increased productivity. More systematic and detailed study is needed in this area. 

Then in Section 10.3, we address the problem of computing mass transport coefficients in porous materials called zeolites. Zeolites are materials with a wide range of applications, such as petrochemical separation, water purification, and catalysis. Understanding and predictably computing mass transport coefficients for a variety of molecules in these molecular sieves instruct optimal use of the appropriate zeolite for an application. We describe the methodology used to compute... 

Microstructural Optimization of Thin Supported Inorganic Membranes for Gas and Water Purification... 

Yu, D., Mottem, M. L., Shqau, K., and Verweij, H. (2006). Synthesis and Optimization of supported y-alumina membranes for water purification. In R. Bredesen and H. Raeder (Eds.), Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Inorganic Membranes, LiUehammer, Norway, June 25-29, 2006, p. 691. 

The optimal temperature range for the fluorination process was found to be about 230-290°C. The resulting cake was leached with water. The prepared solution was separated from the precipitate by regular filtration and the separated insoluble precipitate was identified as lithium fluoride, LiF. The solution contained up to 90 g/1 Ta205. Solution acidity was relatively low, with a typical pH = 3-4, and was suitable for the precipitation of potassium heptafluorotantalate, K2TaF7, tantalum hydroxide or further purification by liquid-liquid extraction after appropriate adjustment of the solution acidity [113]. 

The charged group introduced into products by the aldol donors (phosphate, carboxylate) facilitates product isolation and purification by salt precipitation and ion exchange techniques. Although many aldehydic substrates of interest for organic synthesis have low water solubility, at present only limited data is available on the stability of aldolases in organic cosolvents, thus in individual cases the optimal conditions must be chosen carefully. 

---