Water phase diagram, schematic

Figure 3. Schematic representation of a phospholipid-water phase diagram. The temperature scale is arbitrary and varies from lipid to lipid. For the sake of clarity phase separations and other complexities in the 20-99% water region are not indicated. Structures proposed for the phospholipid bilayers at different temperatures are shown on the right-hand side. At low temperature, the lipids are arranged in tilted one-dimensional lattices. At the pre-transition temperature, two-dimensional arrangements are formed with periodic undulations. Above the main phase, transitions lipids revert to one-dimensional lattice arrangements, separated somewhat from each other, and assume mobile liquid-like conformations.

Figure 3.4 Schematic representation of surfactant-water phase diagrams, for non-ionic surfactants (left) and ionic siufactants (right).

Figure 11. Schematic of the Ether/Water Phase Diagram. Not to Scale.

Fig. 3.2 Ternary phase diagram (schematic) of water-oil-surfactant mixtures showing Winsor classification and probable internal structures Lj, one-phase region of normal micelles or oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion L2. reverse micelles or water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions D, anisotropic lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Other symbols fie microemulsion O oil W water...

Fig. 3.6 A partial phase diagram (schematic) of DTAB/styrene/water showing extents of single-phase regions at 25 and 60 °C (after [22])...

Schematic phase diagrams for binary mixtures of water with a strong amphiphile, and for ternary mixtures containing oil, water, and amphiphile, are shown in Fig. 3 (adapted from Refs. 7,8). Among the many interesting...

Another interesting class of phase transitions is that of internal transitions within amphiphilic monolayers or bilayers. In particular, monolayers of amphiphiles at the air/water interface (Langmuir monolayers) have been intensively studied in the past as experimentally fairly accessible model systems [16,17]. A schematic phase diagram for long chain fatty acids, alcohols, or lipids is shown in Fig. 4. On increasing the area per molecule, one observes two distinct coexistence regions between fluid phases a transition from a highly diluted, gas -like phase into a more condensed liquid expanded phase, and a second transition into an even denser... 

Figure 6.4. Schematic phase diagram for a three-component (oil, water, surfactant) system showing some of the self-assembled structures which form in the various regions.

FIG. 2 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. T, glass tube W, water phase NB, nitrobenzene PD, photodiode AMP, preamplifier FFT, FFT analyzer. 

Figure 5.1 Schematic phase diagram showing pressures and temperatures at which two phases are at equilibrium. Phase boundary (a) represents the equilibrium between steam and ice boundary (b) represents equilibrium between water and ice and boundary (c) represents equilibrium between water and steam. The point D represents p and I on a warm, sunny day. Inset warming an ice cube from — 5 °C to the mouth at 37 °C at constant pressure causes the stable phase to convert from solid to liquid. The phase change occurs at 0 °C at...

Recently, new ordered mesoporous silicas have also been synthesized by using self-organization of amphiphilic molecules, surfactants and polymers either in acidic or basic condition. A schematic phase diagram of water-surfactant is shown in the figure. 

Fig. 15.4 Schematic ternary-phase diagram of an oU-water-surfactant microemulsion system consisting of various associated microstructures. A, normal miceUes or O/W microemulsions B, reverse micelles or W/O microemulsions C, concentrated microemulsion domain D, liquid-crystal or gel phase. Shaded areas represent multiphase regions.

The well-known empirical Bancroft s rule [84] states that the phase in which the surfactant is preferentially soluble tends to become the continuous phase. An analogous empirical correlation has been reported by Shinoda and Saito [85]. Eor a nonionic surfactant of the polyethoxylated type [R-(CH2-CH2-0) -0H, where R is an alkyl chain], as temperature increases, the surfactant head group becomes less hydrated and hence the surfactant becomes less soluble in water and more soluble in oil. Its phase diagram evolves as schematically shown in Fig. 1.4. At low... 

Figure 7.1 Schematic phase diagram of water (not to scale), showing phase boundaries (heavy solid lines), triple point (triangle), critical point (circle-x), and a representative point (circle, dotted lines) at 25°C on the liquid-vapor coexistence curve.

Figure 3.5. Schematic arrangement of the various phases of behenic acid (docosanoic acid) at the air/water interface corresponding to the phase diagram shown in Figure 3.6. (Taken from Kenn, R.M., Bohm, C., Bibo, A.M., Peterson, I.R., MOhwald, H., Als-Nielsen, J. and Kjaer, K. 1991 J. Phys. Chem. 95 2092-7. Published by permission of the American Chemical Society and the authors.) All the phase structures are distorted forms of hexagonal packing. denotes an end view of a molecule which stands vertically but does not rotate about its axis and is in the phase denoted by CS. is similar to the above but is in the S phase and librates. O denotes a molecule the axis of which is vertical and which rotates about its axis. denotes a tilted molecule. In the liquid expanded, L2, phase the tilt is towards the nearest neighbour and in the liquid condensed, L, phase the tilt is towards the next nearest neighbour.

Fig. 4.13 (a) Phase diagram for aqueous solutions of Pluronic 25R8 (PPOI5PE01WPPO 5) determined using SANS, SLS, DLS and rheometry (Morlensen 1997 Mortensen el al. 1994). Phases 1 and V are disordered micellar networks, V with excess water. Phases II and III are cubic micellar phases. Phase IV is a coexistence regime of micelles and crystalline layered PEO. (b) Schematic of the micellar network. 

Figure 12.15 Phase diagram of a vater-in-octane-C12E5 emulsion. The axes are temperature and volume fraction of surfactant. The phases are indicated by 3 (three-phase-region), Li, L2, and Lq. (lamellar). The phase diagram was determined for a volume ratio between water and octane of 1 1 [561]. The phases observed along the vertical arrow at 4>s = 0.15 are shown schematically at the bottom. Results were obtained by D. Vollmer.

Figure 3.11 Schematic of the three-component phase diagram often used to rationalize the formation of water-precipitation phase separation membranes...

Fig. 2.20. Phase diagram (at 25 °C) from the work by Ekwall and co-workers (cf. Refs.8 86)) for the three-component system hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) - hexanol -water. Li denotes a region with water-rich solutions L2 a region with hexanol-rich solutions D and E are lamellar and hexagonal liquid crystalline phases, respectively. In the figure are also schematically indicated the structures of normal (Lj region) and reversed (L2) micelles as well as of the liquid crystalline phases. (From Ref.9Sb...

Figure 3.26 Schematic phase diagram of a ternary system consisting of water, oil and ethoxy-lated non-ionic surfactant.

Figure 13. Schematic phase diagram of water s metastable states. Line (1) indicates the upstroke transition LDA —>HDA —>VHDA discussed in Refs. [173, 174], Line (2) indicates the standard preparation procedure of VHDA (annealing of uHDA to 160 K at 1.1 GPa) as discussed in Ref. [152]. Line (3) indicates the reverse downstroke transition VHDA—>HDA LDA as discussed in Ref. [155]. The thick gray line marked Tx represents the crystallization temperature above which rapid crystallization is observed (adapted from Mishima [153]). The metastability fields for LDA and HDA are delineated by a sharp line, which is the possible extension of a first-order liquid-liquid transition ending in a hypothesized second critical point. The metastability fields for HDA and VHDA are delineated by a broad area, which may either become broader (according to the singularity free scenario [202, 203]) or alternatively become more narrow (in case the transition is limited by kinetics) as the temperature is increased. The question marks indicate that the extrapolation of the abrupt LDA<- HDA and the smeared HDA <-> VHDA transitions at 140 K to higher temperatures are speculative. For simplicity, we average out the hysteresis effect observed during upstroke and downstroke transitions as previously done by Mishima [153], which results in a HDA <-> VHDA transition at T=140K and P 0.70 GPa, which is 0.25 GPa broad and a LDA <-> HDA transition at T = 140 K and P 0.20 GPa, which is at most 0.01 GPa broad (i.e., discontinuous) within the experimental resolution.

Figure 3. Schematic oil-water-surfactant phase diagram with microstructures depicted.

FIGURE 4.6 Schematic phase diagram of the water-salt (MeX) system. 

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of concentrations in an interfacial polyamidation. Amine groups (A) are in the water phase. Acid chloride (C) and amine groups at partition equilibrium (B) are in the organic phase. P and the dotted lines show the relation of the reactive groups when the first incremental layer of polymer forms (from ref. 6).

Fig. 5 Ternary phase diagram for oil, water, and surfactant mixtures showing micellar, microemulsion, and multiphase macroemulsion regions with schematic representations of various structures.

It is instructive to compare the formation of furfural in a boiling xylose solution (analytical furfural process) with an injection of some ether into boiling water. The ether/wa-ter phase diagram is shown schematically in Figure 11. When ether is injected into boiling... 

Figure 7.20 Schematic diagram of a typical semisolid cream prepared with cetostearyl alcohol and ionic surfactant. Note the four phases (1) the dispersed oil phase (2) the crystalline gel phase containing interlamellar-fixed water (3) phase composed of crystalline hydrates of cetostearyl alcohol (4) bulk water phase.

Fig. 16.20 represents schematically the phase diagram of the ternary system acetic acid-f water-h chloroform. The pairs water + acetic acid and acetic acid -f chloroform, are completely miscible in all proportions, but water and chloroform are only partially miscible. The composition... 

Fig. 5 Schematic phase diagram for Ci6 TMABr in water. CMCl is increased to a higher concentration. (From Ref. l)...

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