Water immobilization

Fig. 25. Dependence of water immobilized by bentonite additive on the moisture content of feed. [From Kapur et al. (K7).]...

Similar results to these were found by Schwarz and Schonhoff [110] on nanoparticles coated by the PEM composed of poly(allylamine) (PAA) and PSS via XH NMR relaxation measurements. There, an increased water immobilization is reported for all odd polycation (PAA) terminating PEMs in contrast to even polyanion (PSS) terminating PEMs, which was found to be not just a property of the last adsorbed layer but more of the whole multilayer phase. 

Most polysaccharides affect the mobility and structuring of water (Blanshard, 1970) beyond the immediate interface (Barfod, 1988) to a thickness of several molecular diameters (Rickayzen, 1989). The reciprocal effect on flowing polysaccharides of surface-water immobilization and structuring is a contribution to distortions from sphericity, and hence to flow birefringence. 

Breakthrough curve shifts are also observed if the soil s surfaces are able to immobilize a proportionally large volume of water. The relative amount of water immobilized by mineral surfaces increases as undersaturation increases. The data in... 

The factors affecting a are complex. Under different conditions water immobilization by attractive forces, trapping of water particles within the dispersed oil droplets (photomicrographs indicated that in some cases water particles were dispersed in oil droplets), trapping of water by flocculation, and release of water when oil particles coalesce all come into play. Since relative viscosity is so sensitive to< >a> small changes in any of these effects with composition or with time can cause significant viscosity changes. 

Primary metabolite Immobilized organelle first step in biophotolysis of water Immobilized algal cells Biological nitrogen fixation Antibiotic synthesis secondary metabolite Concentration of plutonium from waste waters (bioadsorption)... 

Mobile pools of iron and manganese are present in water-soluble or dissolved forms in soil pore water. Immobile forms include solid phases such as insoluble precipitates and mineral phases (amorphous and crystalline forms) present both in aerobic and anaerobic soil layers. The flux of dissolved iron and manganese is typically from anaerobic soil layers to aerobic soil layers, where it is oxidized to insoluble precipitates. This results in the establishment of concentration gradients across the aerobic-anaerobic soil interface. Mobilization is also regulated by pH and CEC. Manganese is more soluble in moderately acidic conditions (between pH 5 and 6) than iron. 

The tortuosity factor for Celgard X-10 hollow fibers was estimated at different values of applied pure N2 pressure by studying pure N2 permeation across pure water Immobilized In the pores of the mlcroporous hydrophobic Celgard support. Pure N2 feed was Introduced on the shell side whereas pure helium flowing through the inside of the fiber lumen constituted the sweep gas. The following equation can be used to obtain the tortuosity estimates. If is known (10,12) ... 

In this study, aiming to apply the system for removal of selenium from contaminated waste water, immobilization of selenium into the hydrate of calcium alumino-zincate has been studied. To further enhance the immobilization efficiency, adding calcium hydroxide to the present system, its effect on sorption of selenium by hydration of calcium alumino-zincate has been studied and stoichiometrically discussed. 

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