Water continous spreads

Zebra mussel is native to Eastern Europe however, it has spread all over the continent during the last 200 years [37]. In the mid 1980s, the species reached North America, where it colonized the Great Lakes and extended by the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico [38], In the Flix area, local residents found some zebra mussel in 2001. The occurrence of these species in the Ebro River is accidental. In fact, the larvae probably arrived brought in the water where living baits are transported. Other pathways could have been boats or anchors [39],... 

During the Devonian, from about 390 Ma to 360 Ma, large vascular plants with deep and extensive rooting systems arose on the continents (e.g., Niklas, 1997 Gensel and Edwards, 2001 Willis and McElwain, 2002). Of special interest was the spread of these plants to well-drained upland terrains where the plants could accelerate mineral weathering because of adequate drainage (Retallack, 1997 Algeo and Scheckler, 1998). Previously, vascular plants were small and confined to lowland water courses (Willis and McElwain, 2002). 

In the atmosphere-ocean system, the subtropical oceanic areas are the main supply regions for atmospheric water vapor. As this vapor spreads north and over the continents and decreases as a result of precipitation, the S values decrease until they reach values of — 6/mil in fresh water in midlatitudes and about -30/mil in polar precipitations. Since the S values refiect the fraction of moisture removed and since this fraction is controlled by the atmospheric temperature, the S values of precipitation are strongly correlated with the atmospheric temperature (Epstein et al., 1977). ratios serve as oceanic water... 

The colonization of the land by plants began in the Ordovician, based on an age of c.475 Ma for the earliest known fossil spores, which appear to have derived from liverwort-like plants (Wellman et al. 2003). By this time there was a well developed ozone (03) layer providing protection against harmful UV radiation. Aquatic plants are supported by the density of water, do not require protection from desiccation and have their nutrient requirements delivered to all parts by the water they inhabit. Like aquatic plants, bryophytes do not have a vascular system, and so are restricted to areas of plentiful water supply. In order to spread across the continents in... 

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