Conventional washing

Conditioning of the raw syngas, meeting the quality stipulated for manufacture of DME or other potential products. This is attained by catalytic water-gas shift to adjust the CO/H2 ratio and catalytic hydrogenation of minor contaminants followed by the removal of C02 and acidic gases in a conventional wash system or in a novel, selective processes for deeper S-removal. 

In order to understand the application of FUZZY CONTROL in the development of washing processes, a short explanation of conventional washing techniques will be necessary. 

For chemical modification, tapioca starch is easily modified to all current commercial derivatives. There are no special precautions or equipment required beyond what already might be practiced for a particular derivative or reagent applied to other starches. Recovery of modified products is facilitated in conventional washing and drying equipment. The reader is referred to Wurzburg47 and Chapter 17 for details of starch modifications, all of which may be practiced with tapioca starch. In the preparation and evaluation of some derivatives of tapioca starch, some of its unique characteristics have been revealed. 

Fractionation Section. A typical fractionation section includes the coker fractionator and attendant heat exchange equipment, the light gas oil side stream stripper and the overhead system. The coke drum overhead vapors enter the fractionator under shed trays which are located below conventional wash trays. Hot induced gas oil reflux is pumped to the wash trays to condense recycle and to wash the product vapors. The light and heavy gas oil products are condensed as sidestream products. The light gas oil product is usually steam stripped in a sidestream stripper. The overhead vapors from the fractionator are partially condensed and the gas and gasoline products are directed to the vapor recovery unit. 

The advantages of this approach compared with conventional methods are simplicity and omission of troublesome operations. The acid and alkali solutions cannot be used simultaneously in the conventional washing method, but this becomes possible by using three-phase flow in the microchannel. This chemical processing corresponds to the integration of eight MUOs on a microchip, two-phase formation, mixing and reaction, extraction, phase separation, three-phase... 

This situation poses potential problems for historical hair studies, because of the difficulty of distinguishing by conventional wash procedures between drugs which were deposited in the distant past by endogenous processes and drugs which may have been introduced into or onto the hair sample by more recent environmental contamination. In light of several recent controversial reports concerning the presence of cocaine and nicotine in the hairs of Egyptian mummies, it appears desirable to develop special wash procedures for historical hair samples. 

In a typical procedure, one equivalent of COMODD is added to a solution of the protected amino acid and N-methylmorpholine (2 eq.) in acetonitrile or dichlorome-thane and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The amino acid ester or its hydrochloride is then added and the reaction mixture is stirred for an additionnal hour. After conventional washes of the organic phase, the dipeptide is crystallized from a suitable solvent. As shown in table 3-29, several dipeptides were prepared and no deviations were found in their optical rotations. 

Figure 4.3 Loom to Hanger project. An engineered textile sample that when processed in a conventional washing machine transforms into a 3D fully fashioned garment without additional...

Diafiltration is used in some biotechnological industries to remove dissolved q>ecies from a biotransformation, and can be applied in any other situation where conventional washing techniques, see Chapter 9, may be inappropriate [Holdich et al, 1994]. 

Fig. 9. Conventional wash-draw-dry-relax fiber process.

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