Wagner classification

In actual fact, these metal oxides can present point defects. In the hypothesis that these are majority defects, there are four possibilities (Wagner classification). 

In the Wagner classification, such as we have estabhshed in section 2.3.2, zinc oxide is non-stoichiometric and has zinc ions in interstitial positions and free electrons. In the presence of oxygen, the oxide tends to approach stoichiometry ... 

Silica-based restricted access materials (RAM) have been developed for cleanup in bioanalysis, first for low molecular weight compounds in biofluids (Rbeida et al., 2005) and subsequently for biopolymers such as peptides (Wagner et al., 2002). A classification of different types of RAM has been given by Boos and Rudolphi (1997). Novel RAMs with strong cation-exchange functionality have been synthesized and implemented in the sample cleanup of biofluids. Racaityte et al. (2000) have shown that this type of RAM is highly suitable for the online extraction and analysis of... 

O. D. Sanni, M. S. Wagner, D. G. Briggs, D. G. Castner and J. C. Vickerman, Classification of adsorbed protein static ToF SIMS spectra by principal component analysis and neural networks, Surface and Interface Analysis, 33, 715 728 (2002). 

Wagner H (1973) The Chemistry of Resin Glycosides of the Convolvulaceae Family. In Bendz G, Santensson J (eds) Medicine and Natural Sciences. Chemistry in Botanical Classification. Academic Press, New York, p 235 12. Mannich C, Schumann P (1938) Uber Jalapenharz und dessen Hauptbestandteil, das Con-volvulin. Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch Pharm Ges 276 211... 

Bendels, S., Tsinman, O., Wagner, B., Lipp, D., Parrilla, 1., Kansy M. and Avdeef, A. (2006) PAMPA-excipient classification gradient map. Pharmaceutical Research, 23, 2525-2535. 

M. E. Rosenfeld, C.J. Schwartz, W.D. Wagner, R.W. Wissler, A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association, Circulation 92 (1995) 1355-1374. 

Wagner AM, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Perez A, Rigla M, Cortes M, Blanco-Vaca F, Ordonez-Llanos J. Inaccuracy of calculated LDL-cholesterol in type 2 diabetes consequences for patient risk classification and therapeutic decisions. Clin Chem 2000 46 1830-2. 

The ESC/ACC (Alpert et al., 2000) consensus of the new definition of MI considers that an MI exists when enzymatic-level increase (troponins) is found in presence of anginal pain or its equivalent, even when no changes are found in the ECG (sub-ECG MI) (Wagner et al, 2000 Table 6.2). Therefore, more infarctions will be diagnosed than before. In our opinion, we should accept this new classification, though it implies some social, economic and... 

Wagner has presented a lucid categorization of simple types of alloy oxidation according to the reaction morphologies. The classification presented here is a... 

Wagner, A.A. 1957. The use of the unified soil classification system by the bureau of reclamation. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (London), 1 125. 

Wagner and Wellmer (2009) have formalized this classification into a hierarchy, suggesting that substituting for materials placed higher in the hierarchy with those at a lower level constitutes a sustainable change. This included recycling a material or reusing within its own class within the hierarchy. The hierarchy is based on the valuation of the materials alone and lacks the dimension of environmental and human safety that should also be important considerations in material selection and use. The use of a material or a product that contains a potentially toxic residue/leachate or does not have a means of recovery is certainly not a sustainable practice. 

Wagner, M., Naik, D., and Pothen, A. (2003) Protocols for disease classification from mass spectrometry data. Proteomics, 3 (9), 1692-1698. 

It is useful to be able to classify waters from the viewpoint of corrosion. Simple classifications by salt content, appearance, smell, taste, and biological properties are not sufficient. Electrical conductivity is useful, especially in relatively nonionized waters, and information on the hydrogen ion concentration (pH value) is most valuable. The major survey on zinc by Wiederholt (1965) has been supplemented by later work [e.g., Burkard and Revelly, 1979 (in French)], and there are many general accounts [e.g., Wagner, 1977 Morbe and Werner, 1978 (in German)]. 

Most important from the viewpoint of lattice disorder are the observations of Wagner and his co-workers upon changes of conductivity brought about by surrounding the crystal by a gas atmosphere of its electronegative component (oxygen for oxides, or halogen for halides). These measurements were the basis of the classification of lattices, as in the previous section, into those with anion excess, cation excess, or stoichiometric cation anion ratio. 

Fig. 3 Schematic view of the classification of dipole electrets Amorphous dipole electrets (a) must contain preferentially oriented molecular dipoles that are either located as guest charges in the polymer (/), attached to the side (//), or located in the main chain (in). Semicrystalline dipole electrets (b) exhibit both oriented molecular dipoles and Maxwell-Wagner compensation charges at the interfaces to the crystalline regions...

One of the best known color classification systems is that of Munsell which was devised in the early part of this century. The System relies on three attributes of color hue, chroma, and value. Hue refers to the color quality that is described by words like red, blue, and green in other words, the name of the color. Chroma is used to describe the purity or saturation of a color. It may be thought of as how dirty or clean a color is perceived to be. Value is the color term which we use to describe how light or dark a color is. The Munsell system plots color on a three-dimensional coordinate system in which the vertical axis represents value and the radial axis represents chroma. The various hues are arranged around the periphery of the three-dimensional solid. The Munsell Book of Color is a compilation of some 1500 painted paper chips which allow for comparison with a sample color. Approximately 100,000 colors can be distinguished in the Munsell system by interpolation [15]. A color representation of the Munsell system can be found in the books by Billmeyer and Saltzman [6], Overheim and Wagner [11], and Hunt [14] or on the Munsell homepage [16]. 

Sirim D, Wagner F, Wang L, Schmid RD, Pleiss J. Tbe Laccase Engineering Database a classification and analysis system for laccases and related multicopper oxidases. Database J Biol Databases Cumtion 2011 bar006. 

First, we will see the case of non-stoichiometric compounds. Since the Wagner approximation appears sufficient, we will thus take again the four cases of the corresponding classification (see section 2.3.2). 

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