Vs. temperature

Fig. 5. Lower and upper critical tielines in a quaternary system at different temperatures and a plot of the critical end point salinities vs temperature, illustrating lower critical endline, upper critical endline, optimal line, and tricritical poiat for four-dimensional amphiphile—oil—water—electrolyte-temperature...

Fig. 2. Water isobars for various adsorbents Fquilibrium H2O capacity vs temperature for three adsorbents (1) Ph o mm Hg) at 12°C and...

Fig. 3. Crystal structure and lattice distortion of the BaTiO unit ceU showiag the direction of spontaneous polarization, and resultant dielectric constant S vs temperature. The subscripts a and c relate to orientations parallel and perpendicular to the tetragonal axis, respectively. The Curie poiat, T, is also shown.

Fig. 8. Dielectric constant (1 kHz) vs temperature for BaTiO ceramics of A, l-)Tm grain size, and B, 50-)Tm grain size.

When water activity is low, foods behave more like mbbery polymers than crystalline stmctures having defined domains of carbohydrates, Hpids, or proteins. Water may be trapped in these mbbery stmctures and be more or less active than predicted from equiUbrium measurements. As foods change temperature the mobiUty of the water may change. A plot of chemical activity vs temperature yields a curve having distinct discontinuities indicating phase... 

A report on the continuous flash pyrolysis of biomass at atmospheric pressure to produce Hquids iadicates that pyrolysis temperatures must be optimized to maximize Hquid yields (36). It has been found that a sharp maximum ia the Hquid yields vs temperature curves exist and that the yields drop off sharply on both sides of this maximum. Pure ceUulose has been found to have an optimum temperature for Hquids at 500°C, while the wheat straw and wood species tested have optimum temperatures at 600°C and 500°C, respectively. Organic Hquid yields were of the order of 65 wt % of the dry biomass fed, but contained relatively large quantities of organic acids. 

Fig. 1. Thermal energy use vs temperature (2). Electricity generation is practical from thermal energy sources hotter than 150°C.

Fig. 6. Viscosity vs temperature for some commercial glasses designated by glass codes (see Table 3).

Fig. 10. Power factor at 1 MHz vs temperature for some commercial glasses. Courtesy of Corning Inc. The power factor is the ratio of the power ia watts dissipated ia a material to the product of the effective siausoidal voltage and current ia volt-amperes. When the dissipation factor is less than 0.1, the power...

Fig. 1. R,i (zt)-Malic acid solubility in water, showing maximum solubilities vs temperature (4).

Automotive and architectural laminates of PVB develop maximum impact strength near 20°C, as shown in Figure 2. This balance is obtained by the plasticizer-to-resin ratio and the molecular weight of the resins. It has been adjusted to this optimum temperature based on environmental conditions and automobile population at various ambient temperatures. The frequency and severity of vehicle occupant injuries vs temperature ranges at the accident location have been studied (5), and the results confirm the selection of the maximum performance temperature and decreasing penetration resistance at temperature extremes. 

Fig. 2. Typical pen etration resistance vs temperature data from laboratory procedure (305 x 305-mm laminates, 0.76-mm PVB 2.27-kg ball impact).

Fig. 19. Plot of viscosity vs temperature for NBS standard glass No. 710. To convert Pa s to P, multiply by 10.

Fig. 1. Standard Gibbs energy of formation vs temperature where changes in state are denoted as M, B, and S for melting, boiling, and sublimation points.

Fig. 5. Solution viscosity vs temperature (a) 1.0 wt % solution, (b) 5.0 wt % solution (11), for polymers of various molecular weights, indicated on the...

Fig. 4. Specific volume vs temperature for a crystallizahle polymer. The dashed line represents amorphous material (6). Numbers refer to individual states.

Fig. 6. Flexural strength vs temperature for Ryton PPS R-4 02XT. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 145.

Plots of loss modulus or tan 5 vs temperature for polymers give peaks at energy absorbing transitions, such as the glass transition and low temperature secondary transitions (Fig. 20). Such plots are useful for characterizing polymers and products made from them. 

Fig. 20. Logarithmic decrement (related to tan 5 and loss modulus) vs temperature for a fluorocarbon dibenzoxazole (148). After drying up to 200°C, the...

Because the indentation varies with time, the modulus must be specified for a certain indentation time, eg, a 10-s modulus. The Hertz equation holds only for purely elastic materials. However, it has been appHed to viscoelastic materials, including polymers and coatings, with excellent results (249—256). Indentation hardness vs temperature curves are shown in Figure 40 (249,251). 

Fig. 48. Multifrequency modulus and tan 5 vs temperature plots. To convert N/m to psi, multiply by 1.45 x. ...

Fig. 6. Calculated siUcon resistivity vs temperature for the impurity (doping) levels shown, where (—) is -type, (------), n-ty e. Left of the peaks is the...

A tabulation of the partial pressures of sulfuric acid, water, and sulfur trioxide for sulfuric acid solutions can be found in Reference 80 from data reported in Reference 81. Figure 13 is a plot of total vapor pressure for 0—100% H2SO4 vs temperature. References 81 and 82 present thermodynamic modeling studies for vapor-phase chemical equilibrium and liquid-phase enthalpy concentration behavior for the sulfuric acid—water system. Vapor pressure, enthalpy, and dew poiat data are iacluded. An excellent study of vapor—liquid equilibrium data are available (79). 

The curve in Figure 21 represents SO2 equiUbrium conversions vs temperature for the initial SO2 and O2 gas concentrations. Each initial SO2 gas concentration has its own characteristic equiUbrium curve. For a given gas composition, the adiabatic temperature rise lines can approach the equiUbrium curve but never cross it. The equiUbrium curve limits conversion in a single absorption plant to slightly over 98% using a conventional catalyst. The double absorption process removes this limitation by removing the SO from the gas stream, thereby altering the equiUbrium curve. 

In general, manufacturers do not report the cahbrations of iadividual sensors to the purchaser, except upon request, but instead pubUsh tables of resistance vs temperature and tolerance charts for each class. Deviation here means departure from a nominal set of values of resistance versus temperature given in a manufacturer s Hterature. 

Typical positive temperature coefficient (PTC) device behavior for a doped polycrystaHine BaTiO thermistor is presented in Figure 4. At temperatures below - 100° C and above - 200° C the material shows the expected negative resistivity vs temperature associated with semiconductors as expressed by ... 

Known as the Clapeyron equation, this is an exacl thermodynamic relation, providing a vital connection between the properties of the liquid and vapor phases. Its use presupposes knowledge of a suitable vapor pressure vs. temperature relation. Empirical in nature, such relations are approximated by the equation... 

Here, since the measurements were done in an integral reactor, calculation must start with the Conversion vs. Temperature function. For an example see Appendix G. Calculation of kinetic constants starts with listed conversion values as vX and corresponding temperatures as vT in array forms. The Vectorize operator of Mathcad 6 tells the program to use the operators and functions with their scalar meanings, element by element. This way, operations that are usually illegal with vectors can be executed and a new vector formed. The v in these expressions indicates a vector. 

Figure 11.9. Conductivity vs temperature plot for two ionically conducting crystals and for a polymer electrolyte, LiTf-aPtO40, which is based on amorphous poly(ethylene) oxide (after Ratner...

Figure 9.4 Hydrogen chloride vapour pressure vs temperature...

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