Temperature vs. concentration

If we combine these data on survival vs. temperature with the data on NaCl concentration vs. temperature in Figure 9, we obtain the results shown in Figure 11A for two of the lower concentrations of glycerol. The NaCl concentration in the... 

Fig. 44. Steady-state NO and NH3 concentrations vs. temperature in runs over a small monolith catalyst with 300 cpsi and over the same catalyst crushed to powder. Feed 1,000 ppm NH3, 1,000 ppm NO, 1% HzO, 2% Oz in N2 SV = 45,000 cm3/g/h (STP).

Figure 8. Nitrogen concentration vs. temperature, determined from Raman data at position shown in Hi-air turbulent diffusion flame. The solid theoretical curve, corresponding to adiabatic conditions, was obtained by replotting the information in Figure 7. The theoretical point for stoichiometric combustion ( = 1) is shown on this curve as a filled-in circle. These Raman data were not corrected for optical background at the Raman spectral band position.

Figure 9. Nitrogen concentration vs. temperature, determined from Raman data at position shown in Ht-mr turbulent diffusion flame. These Raman data were corrected approximately for optical background at the Raman spectral band position.

In the direct design approach, a desired supersaturation profile that falls between the solubility curve and the metastable limit of the system is followed based on feedback control of the concentration measurement. This is in contrast to the traditional first-principles approach, where a desired temperature profile or antisolvent addition rate profile is followed over time such as shown in Fig. 14. For a cooling crystallization, the direct design approach follows a setpoint profile that is solution concentration vs. temperature (or solvent-antisolvent ratio) as opposed to temperature (or addition rate) vs. time. Because the desired crystallizer temperature is determined from an in-situ solution concentration measurement, the batch time is not fixed. 

Figure 4. Saturated vapour concentration vs temperature (°C) of TNT, PETN, and RDX.

In the AOT-brine-propane system, 2-3 transitions occur readily. However, the structure of AOT is such that the 3-2 transition is much more difficult. Furthermore, the phase behavior of AOT is not particularly temperature-sensitive. Nonionic surfactants, on the other hand, are very responsive to temperature and readily form both oil-in-water and water-in-oil phases when the surfactant size and HLB are chosen so as to be compatible with both water and oil. A plot of surfactant concentration vs. temperature has a characteristic fish shape, as seen in the work of Kahlweit et al, [46]. 

Fig. 233. Optical activity (302 nm) of sodium type gellan for different NaCl concentrations vs temperature. Salt molarity (in mmol/1) (a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 42 (d) 50 (e) 65 (A) heating (A) cooling gellan concentration 1.2 equiv/m (0.09% w/v). Reproduced, with permission of the authors and publishers, from [598]...

Figure 10.17 Plot of NOj, concentration vs temperature with varying amounts of oxygen concentration. Source Reprinted from technical literature of John Zink.

It has become increasingly important to understand the anomalous metallic state in order to understand the HTSC mechanism. Above all, the understanding of the pseudogap behavior in the hole-concentration vs. temperature phase diagram seems to be a key issue. 

Figure 4.3. The intrinsic carrier concentration vs. temperature for Ge, Si, and GaAs. Reproduced with permission from Kasap, S. O. Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill New York, 2007. Copyright 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Figure 3.3.6B. Concentration vs. temperature behavior for saturation, supersaturation and crystallization.

There are many systems where the solubility-temperature curve is essentially flat. If one can carry out a chemical reaction between the solute and another added agent, one of the products may precipitate. For example, Na2S04 in solution reacts with CaCl2 in solution (both having essentially flat concentration vs. temperature behavior) to produce insoluble CaS04 (which has a low solubility and which precipitates) and NaCl (which remains in solution and which has a flat concentration vs. temperature proflle) ... 

Plot the temperature and concentration of propylene oxide as a function of time, and a concentration vs. temperature graph for different entering temperatures and initial concentrations of A in the reactor. 

Figure 2 The solubility curve (concentration vs. temperature) of PPP in POP showing the deviation from ideal solubility that occurs in this instance. (Redrawn from Ref. 8.)...

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