Vomiting physiology

Trichloroethylene is acutely toxic, primarily because of its anesthetic effect on the central nervous system. Exposure to high vapor concentrations is likely to cause headache, vertigo, tremors, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, intoxication, unconsciousness, and even death. Because it is widely used, its physiological effects have been extensively studied. 

Physiological action Irritates causes nausea, vomiting, and blisters. 

Physiological effects of Rohypnol are similar to those experienced with other sedatives and anesthetics and include drowsiness, dizziness, lack of coordination, confusion, decreased blood pressure, respiratory depression, nausea, and vomiting. Increased dosages can result in blackouts that may include partial amnesia. 

Herbicidal activity generally consists of interference with plant-specific biochemical reactions. Thus, mammalian toxicity is generally low and not predictable from the mechanism of herbicidal action. In contrast, rodenticide target selectivity is not based on differences in biochemistry between humans and rodents but rather on differences in physiology or behavior, especially feeding behavior. For example, an emetic may be included in a rodenticide formulation to promote vomiting in humans who accidentally consume the product rodents do not have a vomit reflex. 

In discussing the effect of mustard on the intestinal tract, Cullumbine pointed out that severely poisoned men suffered loss of water and electrolytes because of vomiting, diarrhea, and vesication. Oligemia and irreversible circulatory failure follow, much as in thermal burns. He showed the importance of the loss of water and electrolytes by experiments in which the mortality rate of poisoned rats and rabbits was greatly reduced by the administration of physiologic saline solution either by mouth or by injection. 

Behavioral effects of opioids include euphoria, sedation and mental clouding. Physiological effects include respiratory depression, decreased heart rate, contraction of the pupil, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Opioids can also release histamine from body stores, causing severe itching, hypotension, sweating, and flushing. 

The physiological effects include an increase in blood pressure and body temperature, nystagmus, slurred speech, ataxia, blurred vision, excessive sweating and salivation, fast heart rate, nausea, vomiting, and extraordinary strength. Deaths have been recorded from heart or respiratory failure. 

Head injury, because morphine can cause increase in intracranial tension, cause marked respiratory depression and certain physiological signs e.g. miosis and vomiting can interfere with the assessment of clinical progress. 

---