Volume threshold

For objects above the Thomas et al. volume threshold, bulk density should be closely related to the densities and therefore the compositions of the major constituents— rock and ice in most cases. The complications arising from the high-pressure phases of minerals under conditions found in the interiors of the larger terrestrial planets are much less severe for these objects. Interior pressure in even the largest outer planet satellites reaches only —3.5 MPa, which will not affect the densities of minerals in the rock portion significantly (Schubert, 1986). The major pressure-related effect that must be taken into account is the phase diagram of the water-ice system, where temperatures and pressures in the larger icy... 

Adaptation index Response to lung deflation Pressure/volume threshold Tracheal/bronchial inflation Tracheal/bronchial deflation Termination sites <70 Not activated Low Not activated Not activated Peripheral airways/lung >70 Activated Moderate Activated Activated Trachea/carina/ mainstem bronchi ... 

In vitro experiments demonstrated that menthol (0.1-1.0 mM) inhibited carbachol-induced contraction of the detrusor smooth muscle of rat. Intravesical infusion of menthol (3.0 mM) facilitated the micturition reflex since it caused a reduction in voided volume (by 20%), volume threshold for inducing micturition (19%), and pressure threshold for inducing micturition (31%). This effect on micturition reflex was not modified by pretreatment with capsaicin. This was interpreted to suggest that intravesically infused menthol cannot relax detrusor muscle, and acts on capsaicin-resistant afferents (probably through TRPM8 in urothelium or sensory nerve endings) to facilitate the micturition reflex [15]. 

In these expressions Xc is the critical (subscript c) value of x which marks the threshold at which immiscibility sets in, and 1 - 0j or 0j is the volume fraction of the solvent in the solution at this point. Rearranging Eq. (8.56), we obtain... 

The two-dimensional carrier confinement in the wells formed by the conduction and valence band discontinuities changes many basic semiconductor parameters. The parameter important in the laser is the density of states in the conduction and valence bands. The density of states is gready reduced in quantum well lasers (11,12). This makes it easier to achieve population inversion and thus results in a corresponding reduction in the threshold carrier density. Indeed, quantum well lasers are characterized by threshold current densities as low as 100-150 A/cm, dramatically lower than for conventional lasers. In the quantum well lasers, carriers are confined to the wells which occupy only a small fraction of the active layer volume. The internal loss owing to absorption induced by the high carrier density is very low, as Httie as 2 cm . The output efficiency of such lasers shows almost no dependence on the cavity length, a feature usehil in the preparation of high power lasers. 

Because pulp bleaching agents are, for the most part, reactive oxidising agents, appropriate precautions must be taken in their handling and use. For example, it is important to ensure that the threshold limit values (TLV) (20) in Table 2 are not exceeded in the workplace air. These are airborne concentrations in either parts per million by volume under standard ambient conditions or mg per cubic meter of air. They "represent conditions under which it is beUeved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect" (20). TWA refers to a time-weighted average for an 8-h workday STEL is a short-term exposure limit or maximum allowable concentration to which workers can be continuously exposed for 15 minutes. 

Volume of vessel (free volume V) Shape of vessel (area and aspect ratio) Type of dust cloud distribution (ISO method/pneumatic-loading method) Dust explosihility characteristics Maximum explosion overpressure P ax Maximum explosion constant K ax Minimum ignition temperature MIT Type of explosion suppressant and its suppression efficiency Type of HRD suppressors number and free volume of HRD suppressors and the outlet diameter and valve opening time Suppressant charge and propelling agent pressure Fittings elbow and/or stub pipe and type of nozzle Type of explosion detector(s) dynamic or threshold pressure, UV or IR radiation, effective system activation overpressure Hardware deployment location of HRD suppressor(s) on vessel... 

---