Volume, tear

Chlorine adds to ketene to form chloroacetyl chloride [79-04-9] (78). Chloroacetyl chloride (CAC) is used in large volume in the manufacture of the pre-emergence herbicides alachlor [15972-60-8] and butachlor [23184-66-9]. It is estimated that the CAC requirement for this appHcation was in excess of 45,000 metric tons in 1992. Significant volumes of CAC are also used in pharmaceutical manufacture, such as anesthetics of the Hdocaine type, and in the production of the tear gas chloroacetophenone [532-27-4]. Other commercial methods for the manufacture of CAC have been described (79). 

Nonwood fibers are used in relatively small volumes. Examples of nonwood pulps and products include cotton Enters for writing paper and filters, bagasse for cormgated media, esparto for filter paper, or Manila hemp for tea bags. Synthetic pulps which are based on such materials as glass (qv) and polyolefins also are used (see Olefin polymers). These pulps are relatively expensive and usually are used in blends with wood pulps where they contribute a property such as tear resistance, stiffness, or wet strength which is needed to meet a specific product requirement. 

Silica. The main uses of siUca are in the treads of off-the-road tines for improved chunking and tear resistance and as a component of the bonding system for brass and 2inc-plated steel cord. These are commonly used in radial passenger and tmck tire belt skim stock. In addition the body pHes of steel radial tmck tires, hoses and belts, and footwear use significant volumes of siUca as a reinforcing filler. 

Silicones. SUicones are exceeded only by fluorochemicals in the volume used as repeUents for textiles. They are widely used on ceUulosic and synthetic fiber fabrics. SUicones provide water-based stain resistance good durabUity to washing improved tear strength a soft, sUck hand and improved fabric sewabUity. 

In TPE, the hard domains can act both as filler and intermolecular tie points thus, the toughness results from the inhibition of catastrophic failure from slow crack growth. Hard domains are effective fillers above a volume fraction of 0.2 and a size <100 nm [200]. The fracture energy of TPE is characteristic of the materials and independent of the test methods as observed for rubbers. It is, however, not a single-valued property and depends on the rate of tearing and test temperature [201]. The stress-strain properties of most TPEs have been described by the empirical Mooney-Rivlin equation... 

Another question that arises is the limiting size of the gas bubbles. As the bubble volume Vj, increases, the buoyancy force V gAp of the bubble increases (g is the acceleration of gravity and Ap is the density difference between the liquid and the gas). The bubble will tear away from the electrode surface as soon as this buoyancy force becomes larger than the forceretaining the bubbles. 

Simple hydrodynamic analysis of the in vitro mechanism indicates that the elution concentration, in the absence of absorption, is a linear kinetic process, with a release profile that scales as the ratio of the tear production to the volume of the tear reservoir, fV/f V. Specifically ... 

The hardness of only one type of protein crystal has been found in the literature. It is for lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in egg whites and tears. It destroys bacterial membranes. It is relatively small for a protein molecule, consisting of a chain of 129 amino acids folded into a globule with the volume = 30,000 A3. Its crystals are aggregates of these globular molecules held together by London forces (Stryer, 1988). 

Organic Syntheses welcomes and encourages submission of experimental procedures which lead to compounds of wide interest or which Illustrate Important new developments in methodology. The Editorial Board will consider proposals in outline formal as shown below, and will request full experimental details for those proposals which are of sufficient interest. Tear-out copies of this form may be found at the back of this volume. Submissions which are longer than three steps from commercial sources or from existing Organic Syntheses procedures will be accepted only in unusual circumstances. 

White and Vincent2 provided a method for readily finding the correct volume of water in which to dissolve a drug to produce a solution iso-osmotic with tears, followed by the addition of an isotonic vehicle to bring the solution to the final volume. The volume (V) of isotonic solution that can be prepared from any given drug is obtained by the equation ... 

Draw and label the axes as shown. Note that the x axis is usually drawn without any numerical markers. Normal intracranial volume is assumed to be at the left side of the curve and should be in keeping with an ICP of 5-10 mmHg. Draw a curve similar in shape to a positive tear-away exponential. Demonstrate on your curve that compensation for a rise in the volume of one intracranial component maintains the ICP < 20 mmHg. However, when these limited compensatory mechanisms are exhausted, ICP rises rapidly, causing focal ischaemia (ICP 20-45 mmHg) followed by global ischaemia (ICP > 45 mmHg). 

An examination of the above criteria would indicate that an optimum SAS system would have sulfur and asphalt content between 12 and 14 percent and 5 and 7 percent, respectively. The final decision will be dictated by the air void content and gradation of the aggregate, the latter of which has a bearing on the tear resistance of the mat during placement. For a fine in-depth treatment of the aggregate selection process and SAS construction procedures, the reader is referred to Volume III of Reference 22. 

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