Voltage components

Vh7 and )/), etc. = magnitudes of the harmonic voltage components in terms of fundamental voltage at different harmonic orders. 

In RF discharges one has to compensate for the RF voltage component across the probe sheath. This is done with a pickup element, situated close to the probe tip, which should be in the plasma bulk as well. Compensating electronics within the probe is usually designed to work at a prescribed RF frequency, and cannot be used at other frequencies. 

In (5.4.8) V is the direct voltage component, whereas A and u = 27r/ = (2n/T) are, respectively, the amplitude and the cyclic frequency of a harmonic modulation superimposed upon V, above some critical voltage VCT. 

The effectiveness with which a VDR absorbs the very rapid transients that may occur accidentally in a power supply depends on its speed of response. The response time of the voltage-sensitive material is generally adequate, being typically 0.5 ns. The capacitance in parallel with the VDR will partially absorb the transient and delay the rise in voltage, but this will not affect the protective action of the device. The inductance may have an important effect because the steep rise time of a transient results in the presence of very high frequency voltage components so that the impedance due to even a small inductance in series with a VDR becomes significant. The leads to the VDR must therefore be as short as possible. 

The mean power P dissipated over a cycle of period x is the mean value of the product of the current and the in-phase voltage component U-t, i.e. 

To carry out this type of study, a small AC amplitude voltage perturbation, AV ico,/), is applied, superimposed onto a DC bias voltage component, and the resulting alternating current response and its phase, A/(co,t), is measured [123,132], Then, the electrochemical impedance of the system is thus defined as... 

Another frequently encountered complication is the need to correct polarization data for errors that arise from the contribution of solution resistance, Rs. Solution resistance contributes to a voltage error as well as a scan rate error (2). Since the applied potential is increased by an ohmic voltage component, an apparent value of polarization resistance is obtained that overestimates / p by an amount equal to Rs. Consequently, the corrosion rate is underestimated. 

Finite electrolyte conductivities and ionic current flow lead to ohmic voltage components in electrochemical cells. It is constructive at this point to review the effects of ohmic voltage contributions to driven and driving cells in the case of uniform current distributions. It will be shown that for each type of cell, the ohmic resistance lowers the true overpotential at the electrode interface for a fixed cell voltage even in the case of a uniform current distribution at all points on the electrode. 

Check all electrical equipment carefully before plugging it into the power line unplug equipment before making ai r changes in electrical cormections. Make siue that no part of the equipment has exposed high-voltage components. 

Tab. 6 Typical voltage components in a copper electrorefining cell [5, p. 603]...

Energy Consumption In electrorefining, the thermodynamic cell voltage is zero. An applied voltage is only required to polarize the electrodes and overcome ohmic resistances. The typical voltage components in the copper electrorefining cell are shown in Table 6. 

Alternating-current (a.c.) polarography is sensitive to the electrochemical reversibility of a redox couple and finds use in measuring electron-transfer rates at electrodes. In this technique a small, constant a.c.-voltage component of frequency o) (rad s ) is superimposed on the usual d.c.-ramp voltage, and the resulting a.c.-current is measured. The applied potential is ... 

Experimentally, we find that the galvanic voltage of the cell varies between 2.2 and 2.4 volts under these ranges of conditions. The other voltage components of the cell, for a finite gap configuration with low overvoltage anode and cathode, were estimated by the term... 

Voltage Component Diaphragm Cell at 2.3 KA/m2 12%NaCl/16%NaOH Mercury Cell at 10 KA/m2 50% Caustic Membrane Cell 2 KA/m2 37% Caustic... 

Table 15.3. Peak values of harmonic voltage components...

To conclude this section, I estimate the voltage components of the bubble layer in circumstances roughly appropriate to oxygen evolution in 1 N sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide evolution in Hall-Heroult electrolysis. The values chosen should be taken as approximations designed to show upper bounds of the individual components for the purposes of illustration. Equation (26) represents the ohmic voltage loss associated with the presence of the... 

Gas Evolution Parameters and Voltage Components of the Bubble Layer... 

The produced electric power of the stack is used to power the electric motor as well as all the auxiliary components of the fuel cell system and some high voltage components of the vehicle. The current ramification to single components is provided from a power distribution unit (PDU), which is directly coimected to the electrical poles of the fuel cell stack. 

Thus, the cell voltage can be calculated using the procedures discussed above. However, as the individual values of the voltage components are dependent on several variables, it is prudent that these estimates are made for the specific situation under consideration with data that is experimentally determined. 

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