Volatility of pesticides

Glotfelty DE, Schomburg CJ. 1989. Volatilization of pesticides from soil. Reactions and movement of organic chemicals in soils. SSSA Special Publication No. 22, 181-207. 

Rudel H. 1997. Volatilization of pesticides from soil and plant surfaces. Chemosphere 35 143-152. 

Sanders PF, Seiber JN. 1983. A chamber for measuring volatilization of pesticides from model soil and water disposal systems. Chemosphere 12 999-1012. 

Stork A, Ophoff H, Smelt JH, et al. 1998. Volatilization of pesticides Measurements under simulated field conditions. In Fuhr F, Hance RJ, Plimmer JR, et al, ed. The Lysimeter Concept Environmental behavior of pesticides. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 21-39. 

Smit AAMFR, van den Berg F, Leistra M (1998) Estimation method for the volatilization of pesticides from plants. Environmental Planning Bureau series 4, Wageningen, Netherlands, DLO Winand Staring Centre... 

Emulsifier Effect on Volatilization of Pesticides from Water... 

Volatilization of pesticides is an important pathway for their loss from treated agricultural lands. The importance of volatilization in the forest environment has not been established by direct measurement, but can be inferred from volatilization rates of the same pesticides under agricultural conditions and from other data on their behavior in the forest environment. In recent years, several studies of actual volatilization rates of pesticides under field conditions have provided an assessment of the rate of input to the air under typical conditions of use (1). 

Volatilization rates of chemicals from surface deposits are directly proportional to their relative vapor pressures. The actual rates of loss, or the proportionality constant relating vapor pressure to volatilization rates, are dependent upon external conditions that affect movement away from the evaporating surface, such as wind speed and air turbulence. Initial volatilization of pesticide deposits from leaf surfaces and grass or litter on the forest floor are examples of this type of volatilization. Factors controlling volatilization rates from plants was discussed by Taylor (1). 

Volatilization of pesticides from various components of the forest environment, foliage, forest floor, or soil should follow... 

There are relatively few studies which relate to volatilization of pesticides from conifers. Yule et al.(16) have monitored the level of phosphorus in air (both vapours and particulate material) at five sites in New Brunswick during a spraying season in which 300 tons of fenitrothion were applied to over 10b ha. Average daily concentrations ranged up to 3 ug/tri and were generally between 0.5 and 1.5 ug/nrr (background 0.5 ug/m ). The atmosphere contamination was due partly to local application and partly to downwind drift of pesticide. 

Burkhard, N., Guth, J.A. (1981) Rate of volatilization of pesticides from soil surfaces comparison of calculated results with those determined in a laboratory model system. Pest. Sci. 12, 37 44. 

Dorfler, U., Alder-Kohler, R., Schneider, P., Scheunert, I., Korte, F. (1991) A laboratory model system for determining the volatility of pesticides from soil and plant surfaces. Chemosphere 23(4), 485 -96. 

Taylor, A.W. Post-application volatilization of pesticides under field conditions. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 1978, 28, 922. 

A similar calculation for lindane, using the figure in Table 8.3 (9.4 x 10 mmHg), gives a saturation vapor density of 150 ng/1, which indicates that lindane disappears by evaporation much more easily than DDT. It is important to note that the vapor density, and thus evaporation velocity, will be reduced by adsorption in the soil, but will be enhanced by higher moisture content in the soil due to co-distillation. A parameter called Henry s constant (H) is important to determine the volatilization of pesticides when dissolved in water. According to Henry s law there will be equilibrium of concentrations in water and air at a specified temperature ... 

Cherif, S. and Wortham, H., A new laboratory protocol to monitor the volatilization of pesticides from soils, Int. J. Anal. Chem., 68, 199-212, 1997. 

Kubiak R., Maurer T. and Eichhom K.W. (1993) A new laboratory model for studying the volatilization of pesticides under controlled conditions. Science Total Environ., 132, 115-123. 

Volatilization of pesticides and other toxic organics from the water column to the atmosphere is a process that can remove some organics from aquatic ecosystems. Volatilization can be quantified using a resistance model, for example, two-fihn model, which describes the limiting factor in the... 

W. Guenzi and W. Beard, in Volatilization of Pesticides (W. Guenzi, ed.). Pesticides in Soil and Water, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 1974. 

---