Volatile organic pollutants

Antoine SR, DeLeon IR, O Dell-Smith RM. 1986. Environmentally significant volatile organic pollutants in human blood. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36 364-371. 

Ferrario JB, Lawler GC, DeLeon IR, et al. 1985. Volatile organic pollutants in biota and sediments of Lake Pontchartrain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34 246-255. 

Barac T, S Taghavi, B Borremans, A Provoost, L Oeyen, JV Colpaert, J Vangronsveld, D van der Lelie (2004) Engineered endophytic bacteria improve phytoremediation of water-soluble, volatile, organic pollutants. Nat Biotechnol 22 583-588. 

One example are fibre-optic chemical sensor systems for volatile organic pollutants in water49 53. These sensors are based on coupling the IR radiation... 

Cadena F, Eiceman GA, Vandiver VJ. 1984. Removal of volatile organic pollutants from rapid streams. J Water Pollut Control Fed 5 460-463. 

Tse, G., Sandler, S.I. (1994) Determination of infinite dilution activity coefficients and 1-octanol/water partition coefficients of volatile organic pollutants. J. Chem. Eng. Data 39, 354-357. 

On a worldwide basis, toxic concentrations of the heavy metals have thus far been limited to industrialized harbors. The only metals that appear to have accumulated to toxic levels on a regional scale are mercury, cadmium, and lead in the Arctic Ocean. This concentration of mercury and lead has been fecilitated by a natural process, called the grasshopper effect, which acts to transport volatile compoimds poleward. This transport plays a major role in redistributing the volatile organic pollutants, such as the PCBs, and, hence, is discussed at further length in Chapter 26.7. The process responsible for the cadmium enrichment in the Arctic appears to involve low-altitude transport of the fine particles that compose Arctic haze. 

The toxic pollutants present in raw wastewaters from tire and inner tube manufacturing operations are volatile organic pollutants that are used as degreasing agents in tire production. These toxic pollutants (methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene) were found to be reduced to insignihcant levels across sedimentation ponds. 

Clair P, Tua M, Simian H. 1991. Capillary columns in series for GC analysis of volatile organic pollutants in atmospheric and alveolarf air. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 383- 387. 

Only pollutant emissions determined under well-controlled conditions (e.g., in environmental chambers) will be presented since the critical aim of this chapter is the understanding of volatile organic pollutant emissions from specific building materials sources. 

Brown, S.K. (2000) Volatile organic pollutant emissions from building materials. 

An analytical program must be established, capable of identifying and quantifying contaminants in a water source to be treated, in order to assess remedial technologies. MCLs (maximum contaminant levels) for volatile organic pollutants in micrograms per liter have been prescribed by the US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), based on continual improvements in detection techniques. 

GC has been widely used for amine analyses because of its simplicity, high resolving power, high sensitivity, and low cost. Coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), it is a technique most commonly employed for the analysis of volatile organic pollutants in environmental samples. In this combination, the GC separation usually provides isomer selectivity, while the MS shows compound class homologue specificity. The MS fragmentation pattern can provide unambiguous component identification by comparison with library spectra. 

Table 4.1-lb. Exposure standards and guideline values for volatile organic pollutants in the indoor environment. 

In addition to gases produced naturally in the environment, estuaries tend to be enriched in byproducts of industry and other human activity. A few studies have investigated volatile organic pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, tet-rachloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichlor-oethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m- and p-xylene). Concentrations of VOCs are controlled primarily by the location of the sources, dilution of river water with clean marine water within the estuary, gas exchange, and in some cases, adsorption onto suspended or settling solids. In some cases (for example, chloroform) there also may be natural biotic sources of the gas. Volatilization to the atmosphere can be an important cleansing mechanism for the estuary system. Since the only estuaries studied to date are heavily impacted by human activity (the Elbe and... 

The possible effects on the atmospheric ozone layer of volatile organic pollutants, inclusive of acetylene, were assessed by measuring the reaction rate with OH radical at room temperature, in the presence of oxygen pollutants were classified as reactive or non-reactive according to US-EPA ". ... 

Extraction aims to recover as much as possible of the pollutants from the sampling material. So it is a very fundamental aspect in the analytical process (Yusa et al. 2009). The extraction of POPs in air can be achieved through several established methods (Hawthorne et al. 1989 Chee et al. 1997 Lenicek et al. 2000 Yeo et al. 2003 Christensen et al. 2005). USEPA method 3542 (Soxhlet extraction) has been used to extract semi-volatile organic pollutants from air samples such as filters, XAD-2 resin or polyurethane foam (PUF). Sonication is also one of the extraction methods mostly used to prepare air samples for determination of POPs. All of these traditional procedures have some weaknesses of large volumes... 

Semi-volatile Organic Pollutants in the Gaseous and Particulate Phases in Urban Air... 

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