Volume viscosity

Raidl and Klein (43) substituted 5, 10, and 15% field pea flour in chemically leavened quick bread. The viscosity of the pea flour batters was significantly lower than either the wheat control or soy containing batters. The starch composition of the pea flour and lower water absorption properties of the protein could have affected the viscosity. Volumes of pea flour loaves were lower than the control and soy loaves. Most of the sensory characteristics of the field pea loaves were similar to those of the control quick breads. However, all flavor scores were significantly lower for pea flour products, since they had a recognizably beany or off-flavor. 

Coefficient of heat transfer Diffusion coefficient Flux of a quantity x Heat flow rate Kinematic viscosity Mass flow rate Mass-transfer coefficient Thermal conductivity Thermal diffusion coefficient Thermal diffusivity Viscosity Volume flow rate... 

Viscosity-volume fraction curves Fig.2 shows the viscosity as a function of volume fraction of particles. The results are typical of those usually obtained with concentrated dispersions (6), showing a rapid increase in viscosity above a critical volume fraction of the dispersed phase. When the volume fraction reaches the so-called packing fraction, g (see Discussion Section), the viscosity reaches a very high value, gp may be obtained from a plot of versus and extrapolation to... 

Disordered solutions of spherical micelles are not particularly viscoelastic, or even viscous, unless the volume fraction of micelles becomes high, greater than 30% by volume. Figure 12-7, for example, shows the relative viscosity (the viscosity divided by the solvent viscosity) as a function of micellar volume fraction for a solution of hydrated micelles of lithium dodecyl sulfate in water. Qualitatively, these data are reminiscent of the viscosity-volume-fraction relationship for suspensions of hard spheres, shown as a dashed line (see Section 6.2.1). The micellar viscosity is higher than that of hard-sphere suspensions because of micellar ellipsoidal shape fluctuations and electrostatic repulsions. 

Kulkarni et al. [123] Recovery of Ni using D2EELPA Membrane viscosity, volume ratios of emulsion to... 

Steady-state shear stress-shear rate curves were used to obtain the relative viscosity (//,.)-volume fraction () relationship for the latex and emulsion. The results are shown in Figure 11.19 which also contains the theoretically predicted curve based on the Dougherty-Krieger equation [14],... 

Figure 12.8 Viscosity-volume fraction curves for W/O emulsions stabilised with PHS-PEO-PHS block copolymer.

HETP derived from the coupling theory contribution to the HETP from diffusion contribution to the HETP from flow dispersion viscosity volume fraction... 

At this point we are assuming a very fast phase separation rate such that the system attains the equilibrium condition for every conversion. At the conversion where the binodal curve is first attained (p p = cloud-point conversion), a differential amount of a new phase, with a composition located on the other branch of the binodal, appears in the system. In this sense, it is correct to assess that the new phase will be the dispersed one. However, as polycondensation of the thermosetting polymer proceeds, a macroscopic amount of the initially dispersed phase will be present in the system. At this stage, the distinction between continuous and dispersed phases will depend on other factors such as interfacial energies, viscosities, volume ratio of phases, etc. 

AK Das, D Mukesh, V Swayambunathan, DD Kotkar, PK Ghosh. Concentrated emulsions. 3. Studies on the influence of continuous phase viscosity, volume fraction, droplet size and temperature on emulsion viscosity. Langmuir 8 2427— 2436, 1992. 

As discussed in the introduction, the bulk rheology of emulsion systems can be investigated using steady-state (shear stress as a function of shear rate), constant stress, and oscillatory techniques. These methods are the same as those described for interfacial rheology. In this section, some results on various emulsion systems will be described to illustrate the use of rheological measurements in investigating the interaction between emulsion droplets. First, the viscosity-volume fraction relationship for o/w and w/o emulsions... 

The relative viscosity-volume fraction curve for water-in-oil emulsions (42) is shown in Figure 12. Isoparaffinic oil (Isopar M) was used in this case and the emulsions were prepared using an A-B-A block copolymer of PHS-PEO-PHS (Arlacel P135, supplied by ICI PHS refers to poly-12-hydroxystearic acid and PEO refers to polyethylene oxide). 

Figure 12 Viscosity-volume fraction curve for w/o emulsions.

Viscosity-Volume Fraction Relationship for Oil/Water and Water/Oil Emulsions... 

As shown before [70], the viscosity-volume faction curve may be used to obtain the adsorbed layer thickness as a function of Assuming that the W/0 emulsion... 

Fig. 12 Relative viscosity-volume loading curve for the silicon nitride powder ( ) and the composite suspension ( ). Shear rate= 143 sec". (From Ref. 27.)...

Figure 4.4 Changes of the complex viscosity, volume fraction and weight percent of PES in the DCEBA/DDM/PES mixture with 10wt% PES at different isothermal curing...

As a result of the fact that neither individual eneigy associated with translational degrees of freedom nor that associated with modes of internal motion is conserved, but only their sum, for polyatomic molecules the coefficient of bulk viscosity (volume viscosity, dilatational viscosity) exists. The first Chapman-Cowling approximation derived from the WCUB theory for this quantity is... 

Failure to complete fluidization of the support will result in poor-quality synthesis. Fluidization depends on solvent density/viscosity, volume/amount of the support, reactor design, and gas pressure. To achieve proper fluidization for a given volume/amount of support, a specific amount of solvent/solution is needed. A general correlation between mass of controlled-pore glass beads (most commonly used support), and solvent/solution is given in Table 1 and Fig. 2. 

Russel [26] developed a model for the shear-thinning behavior at arbitrary Peclet number for the case of Rk > 1. An equation for the viscosity-volume fraction dependence up to second order can be found in reference [27],... 

A number of methods are available for production of maximum packing efficiency from particle characteristics but the accuracy with which such procedures could predict for the purpose of predicting viscosity of suspensions is questionable. Note that the denominator in equation 2, as in other relative viscosity-volume fraction relationships for use at high volume fractions, is a function of the free volume fraction of organic vehicle over and above that needed to fill the interstices between contacting particles. 

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