Viscosity range, table

Wide range of viscosity ia commercial petroleum oils is illustrated by the representative types listed ia Table 3. Despite this range, the largest proportion of oils are ia the 25-75 mm /s at 40°C viscosity range. Oils ia this range combine generally adequate hydrodynamic load capacity with low power loss, low volatiUty, and satisfactory low temperature properties. 

The original Ostwald viscometer has been modified in many ways, and a number of different versions are on the market (Table 4) (21). Most are available with a wide choice of capillary diameters and therefore a number of viscosity ranges. A number of viscometers are described in ASTM D445, which also Hsts detailed recommendations on dimensions and methods of use. 

Internal mixing is widely used with fluorocarbon elastomers. Gumstocks and compounds that are particularly successful fall in the viscosity ranges discussed earlier, and use both incorporated bisphenol-type and peroxide cure systems. A typical internal mix cycle mns 6—8 min with a drop temperature of 90—120°C. The typical formulations in Tables 4 and 7 are readily mixed in an internal mixer. 

The data of Tables II and III of ref. (46) also show (48,49) that the viscosities of the four polystyryllithium solutions possessed viscosities ranging from about 3xl03 to 1.7x10s poise with three of these systems having viscosities greater than ca. 

Table H1.3.1 ASTM" Sizes, Viscosity Ranges, and Constants for Cannon-Fenske Type Viscometer Tubes... 

There is a range of capillary tubes available for use depending on the viscosity range of the samples to be measured. Typical Cannon-Fen-ske capillary tube sizes and viscosity ranges are listed in Table HI.3.1. The viscometers are available calibrated or uncalibrated. Uncalibrated viscometers require the user to calibrate them using fluids with know viscosities. 

Continuous viscometers based upon the Couette principle are able to measure the viscosity of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids over a wide range (Table 6.7). A typical instrument of this type is illustrated in Fig. 6.40<5J). 

The effect of catalyst slurry and sol age time on the Attrition Indexes of the CP-formulated samples is seen in Table III. There is a trend toward greater attrition as the batch holding time increases for both CP-2 products. Concomitantly, the viscosity range becomes higher, as was observed previously. CP-5 also appears to lose attrition resistance as the age and viscosity of the slurry advance. On the other hand, the holding time does not impact the CP-25 Attrition Index. The CP-2(4) material, made with a sol aged 4 hours, exhibits lower AI values, and, perhaps, a longer useful batch lifetime. 

Viscosity various grades of carboxymethylcellulose sodium are commercially available that have differing aqueous viscosities see Table 111. Aqueous 1% w/v solutions with viscosities of 5-13 000 mPas (5-13 000 cP) may be obtained. An increase in concentration results in an increase in aqueous solution viscosity. Prolonged heating at high temperatures will depolymerize the gum and permanently decrease the viscosity. The viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions is fairly stable over a pH range of 4-10. The optimum pH range is neutral. See Section 11. 

For the standard Cellosize grades and types available and their respective viscosity ranges in aqueous solution, see Table 111. 

If the concentrations of the solutions are increased, the viscosity ranges become even greater, as can be seen from the values given in Table 8 for io% (g/ml) solutions in water. These typical values have been taken from the former monograph Losliches Polyvidon in Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex 1986. 

TABLE 4-1. DIMENSIONS AND VISCOSITY RANGES FOR CANNON-FENSKE GLASS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS... 

The Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) has developed a viscosity classification system for finished (i.e., not just the base stock) engine lubricants that defines viscosity ranges as well as low temperature properties. The 2004 SAE J300 grades are shown in Table 1.7.9... 

Associating this behavior with the low viscosity range now measured for the bottoms sample, the authors fractionated this final product produced at 811°F (Table 3.3) into seven cuts. Inspections of these cuts showed that for those with viscosities below 5.5 cSt, low VI results predominated. In the case of the final bottoms fraction (the residue), whose viscosity was greater than 5.5 cSt at 210°F, the expected high VI materialized. 

One question to be answered would concern the behavior of fluids of greatly differing viscosity and surface tension, which on the basis of other work would not be expected to exhibit surface viscosity. Table I shows the results for a particular set of runs for water, cetane, and a white mineral oil without additives. Although the surface tension ranged from 25 to 73 dynes per cm. and the bulk viscosity ranged from 1 to 150 cp., the particle time, t, remained the same for each. Reference to Equation 20 for w, indicates that this invariance should be expected since neither viscosity nor surface tension appears in the derived equation for particle velocity, wc. Also these data show that despite hypotheses of a surface structure for water, this fluid showed no significant departure from the behavior of the cetane, which is nonpolar and would be expected to have no such structure. Though no further reference is made to fluid type because of the observed... 

Table 4. Typical viscosity range measured by each method [Pas].

BMI resin in Table 2.33. The PT resins also possess superior elevated temperature properties, along with excellent properties at cryogenic temperatures. They are available in several viscosities, ranging from a viscous liquid to powder, which facilitates their use in applications that use liquid resins such as filament winding and transfer molding. 

Table 3.1. Parameters for Ubbelohde Capillary Viscosimeters (ISO 3103 and DIN 51562) with Ref. numbers 501.., 530.., 532.., capillary number (No.), capillary diameter (D), capillary constant (K), minimum measurable flow time (fmin)> maximum shear rate at minimum flow time (fjnax) and kinematic viscosity range (v)...

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