Viscosity of Sodium

The viscosity of sodium algiaate solutioas is slightly depressed by the additioa of moaovaleat salts. As is frequeatly the case with polyelectrolytes, the polymer ia solutioa coatracts as the ionic strength of the solution is increased. The maximum viscosity effect is obtained at about 0.1 N salt concentration. 

Fig. 5. Viscosities of sodium silicate solutions vs percent solids A, ratio of 3.22 B, 2.4 C, 2.0 D, 1.6 and (-----), NaOH. To convert Pa-s to poise, divide...

FIG. 5 Viscosity of sodium dodecyl ether sulfate vs. wt % of NaCl and average number of moles of ethylene oxide [78]. (Reprinted with permission of American Oil Chemists Society.)... 

The viscosity of sodium pectinate was previously examined by Pals and Hermans [44]. In salt excess (NaCI 0.1 M), the viscosity of a pectate sodium form solution (ri) is related to the polymer concentration (c) and the molecular weight (or [rj] = KM ) by the relation ... 

A more complete study of the viscosity of sodium chloride solutions resulted in correlation equations involving 32 parameters for pressure, temperature, and salinity.26 Also, a number of tables are given. These tables will not be repeated here. 

Figure 3. Viscosity of sodium and potassium salts of waxy com starch sulfate (DS 0.5)...

Al(01I)4(Il20)2] - The high viscosity of sodium aluminate solutions is explained by hydrogen bonding between these hydrated ions, and between them and water molecules. By reaction of aluminum and its chloride or bromide at high temperature, there is evidence of the existence of monovalent aluminum, Here the aluminum atom is apparently in the sp state, with an electron pair on the side away from the chlorine atom, whereby the single pairs on the two chlorine atoms are shared to form two weak it bonds. 

U. P. Strauss, E. H. Smith and P. Y. Wineman (1953). Polyphosphates as poly electrolytes. I. Light scattering and viscosity of sodium polyphosphates in electrolyte solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 3935-3941. 

Fig. 26.4. Viscosity of sodium silicate solutions at various ratios and percent Na20. (Source http www. pqcorp.com/literature/sodiumsilicates.pdf)...

Fig. 86. Viscosity of sodium chloride solutions as a function of temperature for solutions containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 grams of sodium chloride per 100 grams of water. (At atmospheric pressure.)...

Viscosity various grades of carboxymethylcellulose sodium are commercially available that have differing aqueous viscosities see Table 111. Aqueous 1% w/v solutions with viscosities of 5-13 000 mPas (5-13 000 cP) may be obtained. An increase in concentration results in an increase in aqueous solution viscosity. Prolonged heating at high temperatures will depolymerize the gum and permanently decrease the viscosity. The viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions is fairly stable over a pH range of 4-10. The optimum pH range is neutral. See Section 11. 

Pals DTF, Hermans JJ. Concentration dependence of the viscosity of sodium pectinate in solutions of NaCl. J Polym Sci 1948 3 897-898. 

Salter (l8 divides the alcohols into three main groups on the basis of their oil/water solubility. Isopropyl alcohol is of the water soluble group, isobutyl alcohol is of the intermediate group, and 2-hexanol is of the oil soluble group. Table IV gives some results for alcohols of each class. No strong effect was seen. We have previously reported (15,) on the ability of alcohols to reduce the viscosity of sodium oleate gels. 

The viscosity of sodium alginate solutions increases very rapidly with concentration, as the viscosity-concentration curves for alginates of different grade de-... 

Table VI. Viscosity of Sodium Alginate Solutions at Various Concentrations...

Viscosities of Sodium Alginate from Different Species... 

Feakins and Lawrence measured the relative viscosities of sodium and potassium chlorides and bromides in NMF from 25 to 45°C and expressed the data by an expanded Jones-Dole equation. The viscosity coefficients, A, and were evaluated. While both and have positive values for every electrolyte studied in NMF, they are much smaller than the corresponding quantities in other organic solvents. The difference between the theoretical and experimental values of may be either positive or negative. 

The viscosity of micellar soap solutions will first be discussed. Complete measurements of the viscosity of sodium octanoate solutions over the whole micellar composition range (0-40.5% (w/w)) have been reported by Ekwall and Holmberg (1965). In the premicellar solution the viscosity follows the relation... 

Rinaudo M., Graebling D., On the viscosity of sodium alginates in the presence of external salt, Polym. Bull., 15, 1986, 253-256. 

FIGURE PI. Viscosity of sodium carbonate solutions. (Courtesy of Japan Soda Industry Association.)... 

Further details of the effects of a sodium salt such as the chloride or sulfate on a solution of sodium silicate have been summarized by Vail (1). Thus sodium chloride causes separation of a precipitate of sodium silicate which is more siliceous than the original solution. In smaller amounts, sodium chloride and also the sulfate and carbonate increase the viscosity of sodium silicate solutions. It appears that the added sodium salt coagulates the colloidal or high molecular weight polysilicate ions but has less effect on the metasilicate ions. 

Sulfonate vs Methacrylate vs Carboxylate. A comparison study (19) of the melt viscosity values of polystyrene ionomers, either randomly carboxylated or sulfonated in the para position of a benzene ring, showed that the melt viscosity values at 220°C of the two ionomers were significantly different. For example, at 2 mol% of ions, the melt viscosity of sodium sulfonated polystyrene ionomer was more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the sodimn carboxylated polystyrene ionomer. 

The viscosity of a particular molecular weight of alginate solution is affected by temperature and concentration. The viscosity of salt alginate solutions decreases with increasing temperature and this effect is reversible unless temperatures are so high as to cause partial depolymerization of the molecules which then results in a viscosity decrease. In addition the viscosity of sodium alginate is pH sensitive. It is constant in the pH range 5-10. Below 4.5, a... 

Kikuti has carefully studied the viscosities of sodium-ammonia solutions with concentrations ranging from infinite dilution to about 7.5M (supersaturated) at temperatures between —30 and -1-30°C. At all temperatures the coefficient of viscosity decreased with increase in concentration, the decrease being quite steep up to AM and then slowing down. At the highest concentrations, the coefficient of viscosity seemed to approach a constant value characteristic of the temperature. At — 30° C, close to the boiling point of liquid ammonia, the coefficient of viscosity at infinite dilution was 0.25 centipoises and at 7.5M it was 0.16 centipoises. At all concentrations, the viscosity decreased with increase in temperature similar to the behavior observed for pure ammonia. 

The deviations between the experimental data for the viscosity of sodium vapor and values calculated using the MVYA model as a function of the dimer mole fraction are presented in Figure 16.3. In this figure, Stefanov et al. (1966) data are in good agreement at low dimer fractions and deviate by almost —15% at a dimer mole fraction of 0.1. 

Fig. 16.3. Deviations between the experimental data and the model for the viscosity of sodium. The parameters used in the model were taken from die viscosity data of Timiot Varava (1977). The dotted lines (+1.1 and -1.1%) represent die claimed experimental accuracy. - oscillating disc, Timrot Varava (1977). A - falling body, Vargaftik Yargin (1985). x - capillary tube, Stefanov et al. (1966). - annular gap, Vargaftik er a/. (1992).

Figure 9.28(a) Effect of surfactant concentration on the liberation of sodium salicylate, (b) Quasi-viscosity of sodium salicylate ointments dependence on surfactant concentration. (c) Wettability of preparations dependence on surfactant concentration. From Voight [72]. 

Bhattacharjee C, Ismail S, Ismail K (1986) Density and viscosity of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S203-5H20) -i- potassium nitrate melt. J Chem Eng Data 31 117-118... 

---