Virtual material design

Mathematical models from stochastic geometry are useful tools to achieve this goal since they provide methods allowing for a quantitative description of the correlation between microstructure and functionality. Moreover, systematic modifications of model parameters, in combination with numerical transportation models, offer the opportunity to identify morphologies with improved physical properties by model-based computer simulations, that is, to perform a virtual material design. 

In addition, the models can be used for generating virtual materials, that is, they can generate microstructures of GDIs which have not been recorded so far. The combination of stochastic simulation of microstructures and numerical simulation of functionality leads to the concept of the so-called virtual material design, that is, the investigation and/or optimization of GDL morphologies based on computer experiments. This approach can be a valuable extension to physical experiments since computer experiments can be executed fairly fast and cheaply. Hence, many more scenarios than with physical experiments can be generated and analyzed in detail. 

Virtually all design parameters such as tolerances, material properties and service loads exhibit some statistical variability and uncertainty that influence the adequacy of the design. A key requirement in the probabilistic approach is detailed knowledge... 

Abstract To appreciate the technological potential of controlled molecular-level motion one only has to consider that it lies at the heart of virtually every biological process. When we learn how to build synthetic molecular motors and machines that can interface their effects directly with other molecular-level sub-structures and the outside world it will add a new dimension to functional molecule and materials design. In this review we discuss both the influence of chirality on the design of molecular level machines and, in turn, how molecular level machines can control the expression of chirality of a physical response to an inherently achiral stimulus. 

Virtual tool design, to optimize tool profiling for different materials and thicknesses... 

Porous Ceramics Novel Developments and Applications Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome... 

Resilient Flooring. Practicality, convenience, ease of application, and long wear are a few of the reasons why resilient flooring continues to be one of the most popular choices of homeowners everywhere. With the tremendous variety of materials, designs, and colors available it is possible to create virtually any floor scheme that strikes the fancy. 

An aimual review of the worldwide catalyst industry identifies current technical and business trends within the catalyst industry and fists virtually aU industrial supported (and other) catalysts by manufacturers designations (3). Included are the applications for the catalysts, the composition, ie, active agents and support materials, and some physical properties. 

Designers have always had to deal with the fact that parts cannot be made perfectly or if they could, they would not remain perfect for long during use. So defining the ideal component is only one aspect of the designer s job (Hopp, 1993). The designer must also decide by how much a still acceptable component can be from the ideal. A component can vary from the ideal in many ways in its geometry, its material properties, surface finish - a virtually unlimited list (Alexander, 1964). 

A large range of man-made polymeric materials is available, from polyethylene, which is attacked by most organic chemicals, to fluorinated products such as polytetrafluoro-ethylene and polyethyletherketones, which have exceptional resistance to virtually all chemicals. All polymers have their own adhesive, welding and fabrication limitations which must be taken into account in the design of the coated item. These materials can also be used in solid form. 

Whilst nothing can improve upon the disadvantage of low molar absorption coefficients, instrumental designs and improvements with ratio recording and FT-IR instruments have virtually overcome the accuracy and instrumental limitations referred to in (b) and (c) above. As a result, quantitative infrared procedures are now much more widely used and are frequently applied in quality control and materials investigations. Applications fall into several distinct groups ... 

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