Virology advanced

The plaque procedure also permits the isolation of pure virus strains, since if a plaque has arisen from one virus particle, all the virus particles in this plaque are probably genetically identical. Some of the particles from this plaque can be picked and inoculated into a fresh bacterial culture to establish a pure virus line. The development of the plaque assay technique was as important for the advance of virology as was Koch s development of solid media for bacteriology. 

Despite developments in the field of molecular biology, virology, immunology, and pharmacology, fhe confrol of HIV-1 still awaits effective vaccines and microbicides. Because significant technological advances are still required to overcome the unique obstacles posed by HIV-1, we must find ways to scale up proven prevention strategies and also provide access to HIV treatment for the infected individuals in the world. 

John F. Ender (1897-1985), Thomas H. Weller (1915- ), and Frederick C. Robbins (1916- ) publish Cultivation of Polio Viruses in Cultures of Human Embryonic Tissues. The report by Enders and coworkers is a landmark in establishing techniques for the cultivation of poliovirus in cultures on non-neural tissue and for further virus research. The technique leads to the polio vaccine and other advances in virology. 

Advanced virology. RNA viruses and retrotransposons predated the formation of DNA vimses in the pre-cellular virus world of Koonin et al [18]. Precellular ribosome-like entities might have been operated by ribozymes and RNPs. Cellular ribosomes could remain operational extracellularly (Heinrich Matthaei and Marshall Nirenberg, vide infra). In the cellular world, there are two enzymes that transcribe RNA to DNA telomerase and reverse transcriptase (RT). The gene of the enzyme RT is a component of the retroviral genome [32]. Template-encoded proteins of this complexity are not expected to have been formed in the pre-cellular era, unless precellular RNP-armed entities resembling ribosomes existed. 

J. A. DiPaolo and B. C. Casto, Chemical carcinogenesis, in Recent Advances in Cancer Research, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, and Tumor Virology (R. C. Gallo, ed.), pp. 17-47, CRC Press, Cleveland (1977). 

Volume 11 covers the considerable advances in the molecular understanding of new aspects of virology which have been revealed in recent years through the study of plant viruses. It covers particularly the mode of replication and translation of the multicomponent viruses and others that carry or utilize subdivided genomes the use of protoplasts in such studies is authoritatively reviewed, as well as the nature of viroids, the smallest replicatable pathogens. Volume 12... 

Our knowledge of certain viruses has advanced greatly since publication of the early volumes of Comprehensive Virology, and a second updated edition for each of these was considered. The editors and publishers have decided that instead of such a second edition they would approach the concept of comprehensive coverage of virology in a different manner. A series of books or groups of books, termed The Viruses, each dealing with a specific virus family in ex-tenso, will be planned and edited by an eminent specialist in the respective field. 

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