Vinyl monomer-containing polymer

The photopolymer materials shown in Rg. 4.33 contain acrylate and vinyl monomers blended with an oligomer capped with urethane acrylate endgroups (Mn 2000) and 1% by mass photoinitiator for light-induced polymerization. Formulation ACR contained 40 mass% acrylate monomer and 60 mass% ohgomer. In the second formulation, VACR (vinyl monomer-containing polymer), 10% of the acrylate monomer was replaced with a vinyl monomer while the amount of oligomer remained unchanged. Prior DSC studies of ACR and VACR show that the components are miscible and the cured Tg values are 16 C and 26 C, respectively (Bair et al. 1997). 

Kondo maintained his interest in this area, and with his collaborators [62] he recently made detailed investigations on the polymerization and preparation of methyl-4-vinylphenyl-sulfonium bis-(methoxycarbonyl) meth-ylide (Scheme 27) as a new kind of stable vinyl monomer containing the sulfonium ylide structure. It was prepared by heating a solution of 4-methylthiostyrene, dimethyl-diazomalonate, and /-butyl catechol in chlorobenzene at 90°C for 10 h in the presence of anhydride cupric sulfate, and Scheme 27 was polymerized by using a, a -azobisi-sobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator and dimethylsulf-oxide as the solvent at 60°C. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by IR and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, this monomeric ylide was copolymerized with vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene. 

Both typical and exceptional examples of the polymerization of a vinyl monomer containing a transition-metal ion are provided by the radical polymerization of vinylferrocene31. Vinylferrocene and its derivatives are polymerized by a radical or a cationic initiator to form a polymer of high molecular weight. The high polymeriz-ability is based on the property that the ferrocene compounds are extraordinarily stable against chemical reactions. 

GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS ONTO POLYMERS CONTAINING STYRENE... 

T. J. Xue, D. Jiang, and C. A. Wilkie, Grafting of vinyl monomers onto polymers containing styrene in 212th ACS National Meeting, Orlando, FL 25-29 August 1996 (Conference Paper). 

Monosubstituted vinyl monomers form polymers containing a series of asymmetric carbon atoms along the molecule. The precise arrangement of these asymmetric carbons gives rise to three different possible stereochemical arrangements. Firstly,... 

There are a number of different types of polymers that contain metal carbonyl complexes attached to polymer backbones and side chains. In the 1970s, Pittman and coworkers reported the synthesis and polymerization of a wide range of vinyl monomers containing transition-metal-coordinated cyclopentadienyl rings. Polymer 21 is an example of a copolymer containing chromium and manganese complexes in the side chain. Another class... 

Graft Copolymerization of Vinyl Monomers onto Polymers Containing Styrene.109... 

The determination of hydroquinone in vinylic monomers and polymers, can be carried out in a methanol-benzene (1 1) mixture containing OT M ammonium acetate as a supporting electrolyte. Monomers can be mixed with the solvent in a 1 1 ratio and 0-00004 per cent of hydroquinone can be detected. In polymers, the solubility of which is about 0-2 g in 100 ml. of solvent, 0-03 per cent of hydroquinone is the lowest level. The method has been applied to methacrylates, vinylacetate, acrylonitrile, styrene and divinyl-benzene. For monomeric acids, such as methacrylic, the acid is first neutralized to phenolphthalein, and the anodic wave of hydroquinone is recorded in a phosphate-borate pH 7-0 buffer. 

Natta G, Mazzanti G, Longi P, Bemaidini F (1958) Isotactic polymers of silicrai-containing vinyl monomers. J Polym Sci 31 181... 

Vinyl-functional alkylene carbonates can also be prepared from the corresponding epoxides in a manner similar to the commercial manufacture of ethylene and PCs via CO2 insertion. The most notable examples of this technology are the syntheses of 4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (vinyl ethylene carbonate, VEC) (5, Scheme 24) from 3,4-epoxy-1-butene or 4-phenyl-5-vinyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one (6, Scheme 24) from analogous aromatic derivative l-phenyl-2-vinyl oxirane. Although the homopolymerization of both vinyl monomers produced polymers in relatively low yield, copolymerizations effectively provided cyclic carbonate-containing copolymers. It was found that VEC can be copolymerized with readily available vinyl monomers, such as styrene, alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, and vinyl esters.With the exception of styrene, the authors found that VEC will undergo free-radical solution or emulsion copolymerization to produce polymeric species with a pendant five-membered alkylene carbonate functionality that can be further cross-linked by reaction with amines. Polymerizations of 4-phenyl-5-vinyl-l,3-dioxolan-2-one also provided cyclic carbonate-containing copolymers. 

The radical initiation has been reported to give optically active products also in the case of vinyl monomers containing a rather labile chirality center such as an asymmetric sulfoxide moiety [22]. Similarly to racemization occurs in the polymerization of chiral 1-alkynes by Fe(AcAc)3 /AIR3 catalyst which gives linear polymers with alternate double bonds along the main chain [23]. 

A study by Shah et on die moisture diffusion of a (non-epoxy) vinyl ester resin-based layered silicate nanocomposite also reported a deereased moisture diffiisivity of the nanocomposite, ascribed to the restricted mobility of the polymer chains tethered to the clay particles. A reverse effect, however, could be observed for the equilibrium water uptake of one of the two fillers investigated. The equilibrium water uptake of a vinyl-monomer containing clay nanocomposites increased from 0.012% (neat resin) to 0.021 (5% clay). The water uptake of the other, an alkyl ammonium-treated montmorillonite clay, Cloisite lOA, remained relatively unaffected by the filler addition. The increase of the first nanocomposites system was related to the strong, hydrophilic behaviour of the clay, which remains to some degree in the surface treated state. 

As with polybut-l-ene and many other vinyl monomers that contain an asymmetric carbon, isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic stmctures may be drawn. Using co-ordination catalysts such as mixtures of cobalt chlorides, aluminium alkyls, pyridine and water high-1,2 (high vinyl) polymers may be obtained. One product marketed by the Japan Synthetic Rubber Company (JSR 1,2 PBD) is 91% 1,2, and 51-66% of the 1,2 units are in the syndiotactic state. The molecular mass is said to be several hundred thousand and the ratio MJM is in the range 1.7-2.6. 

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